Papilio. New Series

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https://hdl.handle.net/10217/195583

Papilio (New Series), an entomology journal, is a scientific journal that covers the systematics and taxonomy and biology of butterflies, mostly from Colorado. There are about 700 species of butterflies in North America and about 270 in Colorado, New discoveries are made every year on the Colorado species. Systematics is the study of the kinds of butterflies that exist on our planet, and taxonomy involves the names of butterflies, including the description and naming of species new to science. Papilio (New Series) started in 1981 to name the butterflies in single publications. This digital collection includes the single issues as they are published.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 33

Open Access
A new Celastrina from the eastern slope of Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1998-02-20) Wright, David M., author; Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Celastrina humulus (new species) is named and compared to related and sympatric Celastrina. It is univoltine, and usually sympatric with the univoltine Celastrina ladon sidara and barely overlaps the end of the sidara flight, as adults emerge from post-diapause pupae later than sidara. It has a different habitat, and a different host (most populations feed on male flowers of hop Humulus lupulus, but one set of populations feeds on Lupinus argenteus flower buds). Adults are whiter than sidara. Adults are electrophoretically most similar to the eastern Prunus serotina gall feeding host race, and are somewhat similar to eastern neglecta. 1st-stage larval setae differ slightly from C. ladon sidara, mature larvae are variable but differ slightly in the frequency of color forms, and pupae differ somewhat in color, and in size of black spots.
Open Access
About Papilio (New Series)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014-10) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
This entomology journal is a scientific journal that covers the systematics and taxonomy and biology of butterflies, mostly from Colorado. There are about 700 species of butterflies in North America, and about 270 in Colorado, and new discoveries are made every year on the Colorado species. Systematics is the study of the kinds of butterflies that exist on our planet, and taxonomy involves the names of butterflies, including the description and naming of species new to science. The word Papilio comes from the scientific name Papilio of Swallowtail Butterflies, very large butterflies common in Colorado. I started Papilio (New Series) in 1981 when I was working on a book on the biology of North American butterflies for Stanford Univ. Press (see Scott 1986 in the list of publications below) and found several dozen butterflies that needed to be in the book but lacked names, so I decided to name them in one publication rather than go through the onerous process of getting several dozen separate papers published.
Open Access
Argynnis (Speyeria) nokomis nokomis: geographic variation, metapopulations, and the origin of spurious specimens (Nymphalidae)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Fisher, Michael S., author; Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Geographic variation in wing pattern within ssp. nokomis is documented across its range from northern New Mexico to southern Colorado and southeastern Utah and northeastern Arizona. This variation allows one to pinpoint the origin of collected specimens within that range, and defines the maximum possible areas of metapopulations. All of the numerous specimens of ssp. nokomis labeled from Ernest Oslar from southwestern and central Colorado, including the mislabeled neotype, are actually part of a hundred nokomis collected by Wilmatte and Theodore Cockerell from Beulah, New Mexico, so that is the true nokomis type locality. Ssp. tularosa is an invalid synonym because it is identical to Beulah ssp. nokomis, the provenance of all specimens is dubious as all were mislabeled from Sacramento Mts. but evidently actually collected at Beulah by the Cockerells or Henry Skinner, the purported altitude is too low, known collectors did not find it at the mislabeled Sacramento Mts. sites when it supposedly occurred there, numerous other mislabeled nokomis exist, and the only valid specimens from those mountains are another subspecies coerulescens.
Open Access
Biological catalogue of North American butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2008-12-03) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Open Access
Biology and systematics of Phyciodes (Phyciodes)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1994-11-18) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Phyciodes (Phyciodes) is revised, using numerous new traits of larvae, pupae, hosts, larval webs, antenna color, wing pattern, male and female genitalia, etc. New hosts and life histories are presented. Twelve new names are used: five new ssp. are named (P. batesii lakota, P. b. apsaalooke, P. b. anasazi, P. pulchella shoshoni, P. p. tutchone), three names are resurrected from long disuse due to synonymy (P. pulchella = pratensis = camoestris, P. mylitta arida), homonymy (selenis vs. homonym morpheus) and synonymy (P. cocyta = selenis), two new combinations are proposed (P. pulchella montana, P. pulchella camillus), and one name is restored to species status (P. pallescens); P. vesta is removed from subgenus Phyciodes and assigned to the same subgenus (Eresia) as P. frisia. Several new western U.S. taxa proved to be ssp. of batesii based on traits of adults, larvae, pupae, diapause, hosts, and ecology. With some exceptions (antenna, some forewing traits, etc.), the tharos-group taxa form a step-cline in most traits, from P. tharos riocolorado to P. tharos to P. cocyta to B. batesii to P. pulchella; in about 10 characters, riocolorado is a "super-tharos", more extreme than tharos and thus at the end of the step-cline, while pulchella clearly forms the other end of the step-cline. Another cline appears in P. batesii. The P. mylitta-group is similar to tharos-group (mylitta/tharos share similar primitive genitalia) and contains three species that are amply distinct in larvae and male and female genitalia. Farther away, the phaon-group is newly defined by many traits of male and female genitalia and non-Aster hosts: pallescens has the wing pattern of camillus, and picta and phaon complete the group.
Open Access
Building the California Academy Drawer to house pinned entomological specimens
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
This paper details everything one needs to know in order to build the California Academy Drawer, including costs, purchasing, sawing, glass-cutting, assembly, wood-filling, sanding, varnishing, installing pinning bottom, and installing hardware.
Open Access
Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022-03) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
This book reports the biology of the butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, including all the species in Colorado, although surrounding areas are also discussed, especially the rest of the Southern Rocky Mts. in Wyoming and New Mexico and into Utah. This book presents what is known of the biology of the butterflies of Colorado and vicinity, including hostplants, eggs/larvae/pupae appearance and habits, behavior including flight habits and migration and mate-locating and mating and basking and roosting, and the flowers and other foods of adult butterflies, and natural history aspects of their biochemistry, plus mimicry, flight periods and number of generations, etc. It also includes taxonomic matters to assist identification of all the species and subspecies and forms. Much research on the biology of Colorado area butterflies has been done recently, but it has been published in many scattered publications and scientific journals and is not readily available, and some good research is unpublished; this book attempts to make it available, and provides the sources for good published research.
Open Access
Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior: photos of mostly eggs larvae pupae. Part I. Hesperiidae
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
These four issues of Papilio (New Series) are photos for my book "Butterflies of the Southern Rocky Mts. Area, and their Natural History and Behavior", (https://hdl.handle.net/10217/200723) showing some adults but mostly early stages (eggs, 1st-stage, mature larvae, and pupae) of as many of the species as possible, primarily from the Southern Rockies area (I added a few other interesting species that do not occur in the area). They have been cropped and downsized to illustrate just the butterflies and conserve kilobytes, rather than serve as artistic images. They are arranged by evolutionary relationship, as in the book text.
Open Access
Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior: photos of mostly eggs larvae pupae. Part II. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae (Libytheinae to Satyrinae)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
These four issues of Papilio (New Series) are photos for my book "Butterflies of the Southern Rocky Mts. Area, and their Natural History and Behavior", (https://hdl.handle.net/10217/200723) showing some adults but mostly early stages (eggs, 1st-stage, mature larvae, and pupae) of as many of the species as possible, primarily from the Southern Rockies area (I added a few other interesting species that do not occur in the area). They have been cropped and downsized to illustrate just the butterflies and conserve kilobytes, rather than serve as artistic images. They are arranged by evolutionary relationship, as in the book text.
Open Access
Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior: photos of mostly eggs larvae pupae. Part III. Nymphalinae (Anaeini to Melitaeini)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
These four issues of Papilio (New Series) are photos for my book "Butterflies of the Southern Rocky Mts. Area, and their Natural History and Behavior", (https://hdl.handle.net/10217/200723) showing some adults but mostly early stages (eggs, 1st-stage, mature larvae, and pupae) of as many of the species as possible, primarily from the Southern Rockies area (I added a few other interesting species that do not occur in the area). They have been cropped and downsized to illustrate just the butterflies and conserve kilobytes, rather than serve as artistic images. They are arranged by evolutionary relationship, as in the book text.
Open Access
Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior: photos of mostly eggs larvae pupae. Part IV. Lycaenidae
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
These four issues of Papilio (New Series) are photos for my book "Butterflies of the Southern Rocky Mts. Area, and their Natural History and Behavior", (https://hdl.handle.net/10217/200723) showing some adults but mostly early stages (eggs, 1st-stage, mature larvae, and pupae) of as many of the species as possible, primarily from the Southern Rockies area (I added a few other interesting species that do not occur in the area). They have been cropped and downsized to illustrate just the butterflies and conserve kilobytes, rather than serve as artistic images. They are arranged by evolutionary relationship, as in the book text.
Open Access
Butterfly hostplant records, 1992-2005, with a treatise on the evolution of Erynnis, and a note on new terminology for mate-locating behavior
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Hostplants of larvae, based on 1,014 records (including 474 records of ovipositions and 540 discoveries of eggs, larvae, or pupae in nature) from 1992 through 2005, are presented for butterflies (including skippers), mostly from Colorado, and some from Wyoming, Nebraska, and Minnesota. New life histories are given, including many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology. Larvae and pupae of Colo. Cyllopsis pertepida can be either green or tan, and thus retain a seasonal polyphenism that is present in other Cyllopsis even though only one generation occurs in Colo. Erebia magdalena oviposits on large boulders. Phyciodes picta evidently eats an annual gummy aster in much of the northern part of its range. Still another bog butterfly has been found to be polyphagous (Pyrgus centaureae), adding to the many polyphagous bog butterflies previously known (many Boloria, Colias scudderii); Speyeria mormonia eurynome might be semipolyphagous as well, though conclusive evidence is unavailable. Cercyonis (sthenele) meadii oviposits in shade north of pine trees near its sedge host that grows in that shade. Coenonympha tullia has green and brown larval forms, and striped and unstriped pupal forms. Erebia epipsodea oviposits high on its grass hosts in the foothills, low on its grass hosts in the alpine zone, to moderate the temperature of the eggs. The pupa of Chlosyne palla calydon is black-and white, versus brown in Calif. C. palla palla. Thorybes pylades and Everes amyntula specialize on tendril-bearing (pea "vine") herbaceous legumes. Stinga morrisoni is the only known butterfly that chooses large bunch-grasses (seven species) of many grass taxa. Paratrytone snowi eats only Muhlenbergia montana. Erynnis icelus oviposits only on seedlings. The evolution of Erynnis is discussed, using many new characters of larvae and pupae and valval flexion. Mature larvae of some Pyrginae (Pyrgus communis, Pholisora catullus) that diapause become reddish in color, whereas non-diapausing mature larvae remain greenish. An appendix provides new terminology for describing mate-locating behavior.
Open Access
Chaetotaxy of first-stage butterfly larvae, with improved homologies and nomenclature for lepidoptera setae and sensilla
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
This paper has two goals. The first goal, of interest to all Lepidopterists, is to improve the names given to the setae and olfactory pores and sensillae: new homologies of the setae are presented including those on the last abdomen segment (good homologies on this segment are presented for the first time); a name is assigned for every seta and sensilla of the entire body including mouthparts, building upon Hinton (1946); different names are assigned to non-homologous setae that formerly were confused by having the same name; figures and an alphabetical glossary of structures are presented for users. The second goal is to present new data on butterflies, including setal maps for every subfamily known (only Pseudopontiinae and Calinaginae now lack setal maps), an improved key that includes additional subfamilies and genera, and diagnostic characters for each family, subfamily, and tribe. Scott (1986a) presented setal maps for selected first stage butterfly larvae and presented a key to all known North American subfamilies. Scott (1985, 1986b) and Scott and Wright (1990) used characters of first stage larvae as well as many other characters to deduce the phylogeny of butterflies.
Open Access
Corrections/reviews of 58 North American butterfly books
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2008-12-03) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Corrections are given for 58 North American butterfly books. Most of these books are recent. Misidentified figures mostly of adults, erroneous hostplants, and other mistakes are corrected in each book. Suggestions are made to improve future butterfly books. Identifications of figured specimens in Holland's 1931 & 1898 Butterfly Book & 1915 Butterfly Guide are corrected, and their type status clarified, and corrections are made to F. M. Brown's series of papers on Edwards; types (many figured by Holland), because some of Holland's 75 lectotype designations override lectotype specimens that were designated later, and several dozen Holland lectotype designations are added to the J. Pelham Catalogue. Type locality designations are corrected/defined here (some made by Brown, most by others), for numerous names: aenus, artonis, balder, bremnerii, brettoides, brucei (Oeneis), caespitatis, cahmus, callina, carus, colon, colorado, coolinensis, comus, conquista, dacotah, damei, dumeti, edwardsii (Oarisma), elada, epixanthe, eunus, fulvia, furcae, garita,hermodur, kootenai, lagus, mejicanus, mormo, mormonia, nilus, nympha, oreas, oslari, philetas, phylace, pratincola, rhena, saga, scudderi, simius, taxiles, uhleri. Five first reviser actions are made (albihalos=austinorum, davenporti=pratti, latalinea=subaridum, maritima=texana [Cercyonis], ricei=calneva). The name c-argenteum is designated nomen oblitum, faunus a nomen protectum. Three taxa are demonstrated to be invalid nomina nuda (blackmorei, sulfuris, svilhae), and another nomen nudum (damei) is added to catalogues as a "schizophrenic tax on" in order to preserve stability. Problems caused by old scientific names and the time wasted on them are discussed.
Open Access
Distribution of Caribbean butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1986-03-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Open Access
Ernest J. Oslar, 1858-1944: his travel and collection itinerary, and his butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Ernest John Oslar collected more than 50,000 butterflies and moths and other insects and sold them to many taxonomists and museums throughout the world. This paper attempts to determine his travels in America to collect those specimens, by using data from labeled specimens (most in his remaining collection but some from published papers) plus information from correspondence etc. and a few small field diaries preserved by his descendants. The butterfly specimens and their localities/dates in his collection in the C. P. Gillette Museum (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado) are detailed. This information will help determine the possible collection locations of Oslar specimens that lack accurate collection data. Many more biographical details of Oslar are revealed, and the 26 insects named for Oslar are detailed.
Open Access
Geographic variation and new taxa of western North American butterflies, especially from Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2008-12-03) Garhart, Matthew C., author; Stout, Todd, author; Kondla, Norbert G., author; Spomer, Stephen M., author; Fisher, Michael S., author; Scott, James A., author; Wright, David M., author; Marrone, Gary M., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Michael Fisher is currently updating the 1957 book Colorado Butterflies, by F. Martin Brown, J. Donald Eff, and Bernard Rotger (Fisher 2005a, 2005b, 2006). This project has emphasized the necessity of naming certain butterflies in Colorado and vicinity that are distinctive, but currently have no name, as part of our goal of applying correct species/subspecies names to all Colorado butterflies. Eleven of those distinctive butterflies are named here, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Asterocampa, Argynnis (Speyeria), Euphydryas, Lycaena, and Hesperia. New life histories are reported for species or subspecies of Neominois & Oeneis & Euphydryas & Lycaena that were recently described or recently elevated in status. Lycaena florus differs in hostplant, egg morphology, and somewhat in a seta on 1st-stage larvae. We also report the results of research elsewhere in North America that was needed to determine which of the current subspecies names should be applied to other butterflies in Colorado, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Apodemia, Callophrys, Atlides, Euphilotes, PlebeJus, Polites, & Hylephila. This research has added additional species to the total of Colorado butterflies. Nomenclatural problems in Colorado Lycaena & Callophrys are settled with lectotypes and designations of type localities and two pending petitions to suppress toxotaxa. Difficulties with the ICZN Code in properly applying names to clines are explored, and new terminology is given to some necessary biological solutions.
Open Access
Hostplant records for butterflies and skippers (mostly from Colorado) 1959-1992, with new life histories and notes on oviposition, immatures, and ecology
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1992-07-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Hostplants of larvae, based on about 3090 records of observed ovipositions (a total of 1509) or discoveries of eggs, larvae, or pupae in nature, are presented for butterflies (including skippers), mostly from western United States, especially Colorado. The paper presents numerous new life histories, and many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology. A new phenomenon of a butterfly egg mimicking a plant is reported, in which Nathalis iole eggs have changed color to match orange-yellow protruding foul-odor egg-shaped glands on Oyssodia papposa, presumably to benefit from lesser predation because predators think the eggs are inedible foul glands; this phenomenon is the complete opposite of the known cases of egg mimicry, in which plants produce structures mimicking butterfly eggs to deter oviposition (although possibly egg mimicry was the original origin of the precursor of the 0. oapposa glands). Dracula Caterpillars were found--larvae of Amblyscirtes-which have unique fangs unknown in other Lepidoptera, as well as ordinary mandibles; apparently the fangs are used in defense rather than nest-building. What was once called one species Celastrina argiolus in Colorado is now proven to be two species, with different hostplants, flight times, habitats, and pupal color; the localized species has two ecotypes, one feeding on Humulus vines, the other on Lupinus. Only one Hesperiinae (Oarisma garita) is truly polyphagous, eating grasses and sedges of many life forms; it has "satyr envy", converging to Satyrinae in its polyphagy, unique lack of larval nest, and cryptic striped larval color pattern. Hesperiinae species generally eat only a certain life form of grass, and may prefer the biochemicals of certain grass species or genera, so that Hesperiinae are comparatively host-specific. A hay-feeding guild was discovered: 6 Hesperiinae (Piruna pirus, Ancyloxypha numitor, Ochlodes sylvanoides, Poanes zabulon taxiles, Amblyscirtes vialis, probably Anatrytone logan) that each eat numerous tall wide-leaf grasses. In contrast, many Satyrinae have rather haphazard oviposition, and rather polyphagous lab feeding, so that Satyrinae species are in general rather polyphagous on various grasses or even on grasses and sedges, and their host specificity is difficult to determine. One satyr (Oeneis chryxus) oviposits on trees. In another case of convergence, Hesperia ottoe and Polites origenes are the only species in their genera to eat a broad-leaf grass and to have aerial larval nests. One skipper (Ancyloxypha) was found to have larval wax glands on four segments instead of the usual two. Bog butterflies seem to have rather polyphagous larvae. Some larvae rest underground: Parnassius (pupae), certain Satyrinae (Neominois, perhaps some Oeneis and Erebia), Hesperia relatives (Hesperia except ottoe, Polites except origenes, Yvretta, Hylephila, Atalopedes), and "Amblyscirtes" simius. Three species of Polites lay eggs without glue which drop into the litter, and Cercyonis does this about half the time. Anatrytone logan is a very distinct genus from Atrytone arogos, in contrast to Hesperia, Polites, and Atalopedes, which are basically just one genus. Cases of hostplant switching is reported in which Euphydryas chalcedona/anicia capella now feeds on introduced Linaria dalmatica, and Phyciodes picta has switched from Aster to Convolvulus. Two new subspecies are named from lowland valleys of W Colo.-E Utah: Phyciodes tharmos/morpheus riocolorado, the only valid ssp. of tharos, with paler wing color; and Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca, which has a solid white unh and a new hostplant.
Open Access
Identification of Phyciodes diminutor, P. cocyta, and P. tharos in northeastern U.S. (Nymphalidae)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
This issue of Papilio (New Series) consists of three studies on the identification of the closely-related species Phyciodes diminutor diminutor Scott, P. cocyta selenis (W. Kirby)and P. tharos tharos (Drury), from Vermont, Ohio, and Michigan (studies labeled A, B, and C below). Identification problems have hindered the study of these butterflies in the northeastern U.S., and misidentifications have even occurred in recent DNA studies. Difficulties in distinguishing diminutor & selenis, and their status, are discussed. Vermont contains all three taxa in this group. P. tharos has two generations and occurs in southern and central Vermont, north to Woodsville on the Connecticut River on the E edge of Vermont, and occurs also on North and South Hero Islands in Lake Champlain in extreme NW Vermont. P. cocyta has one generation and evidently occurs in the cooler areas throughout Vermont except in the two southern counties Bennington and Windham. P. diminutor has two generations and evidently occurs throughout Vermont if it belongs to a separate species P. diminutor as studies elsewhere suggest. Michigan has all three species, while northern Ohio (including Lucas Co.) has P. tharos and P. diminutor. Few of the specimens of P. cocyta, P. tharos, and P. batesii used in the mtDNA study of Proshek & Houghton (2006) were misidentified (among all specimens examined, a few "tharos" and "cocyta" are P. diminutor, some "batesii" females from one site are P. cocyta, and all "cocyta" from S Mich. are P. diminutor). mtDNA is not usable to identify any of these species. The proper future research plan is described, which includes rearing numerous families found on wild identified hostplants from localities with multiple taxa.
Open Access
Larval hostplant records for butterflies and skippers (mainly from western U. S.), with notes on their natural history
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1986-03-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Larval hostplants, based on observations of adult oviposition or larval feeding, are presented for butterflies (including skippers) from western United States (mostly Colorado), and many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology of these species are given. A case of larval hostplant switching is reported in which Phyciodes picta (Nymphalidae) originally fed on Aster (Compositae) but now feeds on the recently introduced Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae), a completely unrelated weedy vine. Ovipositing females have distinctive slow hovering flights, but in Satyrinae these are not as distinct from normal flight. Females of Satyrinae, Speyeria, and Boloria oviposit rather haphazardly near the hostplants, and many Hesperiinae are somewhat haphazard about their choice of grasses/sedges or nearby plants for oviposition.

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