Papilio. New Series

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https://hdl.handle.net/10217/195583

Papilio (New Series), an entomology journal, is a scientific journal that covers the systematics and taxonomy and biology of butterflies, mostly from Colorado. There are about 700 species of butterflies in North America and about 270 in Colorado, New discoveries are made every year on the Colorado species. Systematics is the study of the kinds of butterflies that exist on our planet, and taxonomy involves the names of butterflies, including the description and naming of species new to science. Papilio (New Series) started in 1981 to name the butterflies in single publications. This digital collection includes the single issues as they are published.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 33

Open Access
New Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea from North America
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981-11-25) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Open Access
The life history and ecology of an Alpine relict, Boloria improba acrocnema (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), illustrating a new mathematical population census method
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1982-11-15) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
The egg, larva, and pupa of B. improba acrocnema are described and illustrated. The larval foodplant is Salix nivalis. There are five instars; overwintering occurs in the fourth instar, and perhaps also in the first instar. Adults fly slowly near the ground, and are very local. Males patrol to find females. Adults often visit flowers, and bask on dark soil by spreading the wings laterally. A binomial method is derived and used to determine daily population size. Daily population size may be as large as 655, and yearly population size may reach two thousand in a few hectares.
Open Access
Larval hostplant records for butterflies and skippers (mainly from western U. S.), with notes on their natural history
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1986-03-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Larval hostplants, based on observations of adult oviposition or larval feeding, are presented for butterflies (including skippers) from western United States (mostly Colorado), and many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology of these species are given. A case of larval hostplant switching is reported in which Phyciodes picta (Nymphalidae) originally fed on Aster (Compositae) but now feeds on the recently introduced Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae), a completely unrelated weedy vine. Ovipositing females have distinctive slow hovering flights, but in Satyrinae these are not as distinct from normal flight. Females of Satyrinae, Speyeria, and Boloria oviposit rather haphazardly near the hostplants, and many Hesperiinae are somewhat haphazard about their choice of grasses/sedges or nearby plants for oviposition.
Open Access
Distribution of Caribbean butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1986-03-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Open Access
The courtship of Phyciodes, and the relationship between Phyciodes tharos tharos and Phyciodes tharos morpheus (=pascoensis) in Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1986-03-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
The courtship of Phyciodes tharos/morpheus and P. campestris is described, and is very similar between species. Reared released female morpheus courted and mated readily with wild male tharos in Colorado. Together with the viability and fertility of the hybrids and the breakdown of the antennal and larval characters that distinguish them in W.Va.-Va. (where they behave as separate species), this evidence indicates that tharos/morpheus are not reproductively isolated in Colorado, where they seem to be a bit more than subspecies, but are not completely distinct species. Phyciodes have an interesting outcrossing mechanism involving timing of adult emergence, which ensures rapid spread of genes between parent forms after natural hybridization.
Open Access
Hostplant records for butterflies and skippers (mostly from Colorado) 1959-1992, with new life histories and notes on oviposition, immatures, and ecology
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1992-07-05) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Hostplants of larvae, based on about 3090 records of observed ovipositions (a total of 1509) or discoveries of eggs, larvae, or pupae in nature, are presented for butterflies (including skippers), mostly from western United States, especially Colorado. The paper presents numerous new life histories, and many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology. A new phenomenon of a butterfly egg mimicking a plant is reported, in which Nathalis iole eggs have changed color to match orange-yellow protruding foul-odor egg-shaped glands on Oyssodia papposa, presumably to benefit from lesser predation because predators think the eggs are inedible foul glands; this phenomenon is the complete opposite of the known cases of egg mimicry, in which plants produce structures mimicking butterfly eggs to deter oviposition (although possibly egg mimicry was the original origin of the precursor of the 0. oapposa glands). Dracula Caterpillars were found--larvae of Amblyscirtes-which have unique fangs unknown in other Lepidoptera, as well as ordinary mandibles; apparently the fangs are used in defense rather than nest-building. What was once called one species Celastrina argiolus in Colorado is now proven to be two species, with different hostplants, flight times, habitats, and pupal color; the localized species has two ecotypes, one feeding on Humulus vines, the other on Lupinus. Only one Hesperiinae (Oarisma garita) is truly polyphagous, eating grasses and sedges of many life forms; it has "satyr envy", converging to Satyrinae in its polyphagy, unique lack of larval nest, and cryptic striped larval color pattern. Hesperiinae species generally eat only a certain life form of grass, and may prefer the biochemicals of certain grass species or genera, so that Hesperiinae are comparatively host-specific. A hay-feeding guild was discovered: 6 Hesperiinae (Piruna pirus, Ancyloxypha numitor, Ochlodes sylvanoides, Poanes zabulon taxiles, Amblyscirtes vialis, probably Anatrytone logan) that each eat numerous tall wide-leaf grasses. In contrast, many Satyrinae have rather haphazard oviposition, and rather polyphagous lab feeding, so that Satyrinae species are in general rather polyphagous on various grasses or even on grasses and sedges, and their host specificity is difficult to determine. One satyr (Oeneis chryxus) oviposits on trees. In another case of convergence, Hesperia ottoe and Polites origenes are the only species in their genera to eat a broad-leaf grass and to have aerial larval nests. One skipper (Ancyloxypha) was found to have larval wax glands on four segments instead of the usual two. Bog butterflies seem to have rather polyphagous larvae. Some larvae rest underground: Parnassius (pupae), certain Satyrinae (Neominois, perhaps some Oeneis and Erebia), Hesperia relatives (Hesperia except ottoe, Polites except origenes, Yvretta, Hylephila, Atalopedes), and "Amblyscirtes" simius. Three species of Polites lay eggs without glue which drop into the litter, and Cercyonis does this about half the time. Anatrytone logan is a very distinct genus from Atrytone arogos, in contrast to Hesperia, Polites, and Atalopedes, which are basically just one genus. Cases of hostplant switching is reported in which Euphydryas chalcedona/anicia capella now feeds on introduced Linaria dalmatica, and Phyciodes picta has switched from Aster to Convolvulus. Two new subspecies are named from lowland valleys of W Colo.-E Utah: Phyciodes tharmos/morpheus riocolorado, the only valid ssp. of tharos, with paler wing color; and Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca, which has a solid white unh and a new hostplant.
Open Access
Biology and systematics of Phyciodes (Phyciodes)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1994-11-18) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Phyciodes (Phyciodes) is revised, using numerous new traits of larvae, pupae, hosts, larval webs, antenna color, wing pattern, male and female genitalia, etc. New hosts and life histories are presented. Twelve new names are used: five new ssp. are named (P. batesii lakota, P. b. apsaalooke, P. b. anasazi, P. pulchella shoshoni, P. p. tutchone), three names are resurrected from long disuse due to synonymy (P. pulchella = pratensis = camoestris, P. mylitta arida), homonymy (selenis vs. homonym morpheus) and synonymy (P. cocyta = selenis), two new combinations are proposed (P. pulchella montana, P. pulchella camillus), and one name is restored to species status (P. pallescens); P. vesta is removed from subgenus Phyciodes and assigned to the same subgenus (Eresia) as P. frisia. Several new western U.S. taxa proved to be ssp. of batesii based on traits of adults, larvae, pupae, diapause, hosts, and ecology. With some exceptions (antenna, some forewing traits, etc.), the tharos-group taxa form a step-cline in most traits, from P. tharos riocolorado to P. tharos to P. cocyta to B. batesii to P. pulchella; in about 10 characters, riocolorado is a "super-tharos", more extreme than tharos and thus at the end of the step-cline, while pulchella clearly forms the other end of the step-cline. Another cline appears in P. batesii. The P. mylitta-group is similar to tharos-group (mylitta/tharos share similar primitive genitalia) and contains three species that are amply distinct in larvae and male and female genitalia. Farther away, the phaon-group is newly defined by many traits of male and female genitalia and non-Aster hosts: pallescens has the wing pattern of camillus, and picta and phaon complete the group.
Open Access
New western North American butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1998-02-20) Fisher, Michael S., author; Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
New subspecies and other geographic taxa from western U.S. are described and named.
Open Access
Phyciodes (Phyciodes): new discoveries,new subspecies, and convergence
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1998-02-20) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
The paper presents new discoveries in Phyciodes (Phyciodes). New life history information is given for P. mylitta arizonensis, P. pallida pallida, P. pallida barnesi, P. tharos tharos, P. cocyta selenis, P. cocyta diminutor, P. batesii lakota, P. b. apsaalooke, P. b. anasazi, P. pulchella camillus, and P. picta picta. P. batesii anasazi was found to significantly converge toward P. cocyta in western Colorado in appearance of some adults larvae and pupae, and P. cocyta selenis from the same area was found to converge a little toward anasazi in adult wing pattern and larval head pattern, so some individuals of these two taxa are difficult to distinguish. The nomenclatural identity of P. tharos form marcia is clarified. Five new subspecies are named: P.tharos orantain has orange antenna nudum and is somewhat intermediate between P. tharos tharos and P. cocyta. P. cocyta diminutor is multivoltine with late-flying summer generations that are small like P. tharos, and might possibly even be a separate species from the sympatric univoltine larger P. cocyta selenis. P. pulchella deltarufa has oranger ups than ssp. pulchella. P. pulchella owimba differs from ssp. pulchella by having an orange antenna nudum and some different wing pattern details. P. phaon jalapeno has paler median ups bands.
Open Access
Speyeria hesperis and Speyeria atlantis are distinct species
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1998-02-20) Kondla, Norbert G., author; Scott, James A., author; Spomer, Stephen M., author; James A. Scott, publisher
S. hesperis and S. atlantis are distinct species; past reports of "intergradation" between them actually represent polymorphism of silvering within S. hesperis. S. atlantis is always silvered, and has a darker (chocolate-brown to blackish-brown) unh disc; it occurs in eastern North America as S. a. atlantis, then ranges as S. a. hollandi over the boreal forest/aspen parklands from Man. To Alta., where it is widely sympatric with S. hesperis helena; S. a. hollandi also occurs in the Rocky Mts. in Alta.-B.C.-NE Wash.-N Ida., where it is sympatric with S. hesperis beani and S. hesperis brico (B.C., new subspecies). In the Black Hills, S. atlantis pahasapa (new subspecies) is sympatric with S. hesperis lurana. In S Wyo.-Colo.-N New Mex., S. atlantis sorocko (new subspecies) is sympatric with mostly-un silvered S. h. hesperis and mostly-silvered S. h. electa (=cornelia=nikias). S. hesperis has a redder unh disc, and ranges from Manitoba and the Black Hills westward to Alaska and the Pacific and south to New Mex.-Calif.; a majority (11 of 19) of its subspecies are usually-silvered, but only the subspecies in the extreme N and NE and S parts of its range are always silvered, and all subspecies across the middle of its range are predominantly unsilvered; silvered/unsilvered intergradation occurs within S. hesperis throughout the middle of the range, including the northern Sangre de Cristo Mts. of Colo. where unsilvered S. hesperis hesperis intergrades completely with silvered S. h. electa. Except in the extreme northern and southern ends of its range, older larvae of S. hesperis are blacker than larvae of S. atlantis.
Open Access
A new Celastrina from the eastern slope of Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1998-02-20) Wright, David M., author; Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Celastrina humulus (new species) is named and compared to related and sympatric Celastrina. It is univoltine, and usually sympatric with the univoltine Celastrina ladon sidara and barely overlaps the end of the sidara flight, as adults emerge from post-diapause pupae later than sidara. It has a different habitat, and a different host (most populations feed on male flowers of hop Humulus lupulus, but one set of populations feeds on Lupinus argenteus flower buds). Adults are whiter than sidara. Adults are electrophoretically most similar to the eastern Prunus serotina gall feeding host race, and are somewhat similar to eastern neglecta. 1st-stage larval setae differ slightly from C. ladon sidara, mature larvae are variable but differ slightly in the frequency of color forms, and pupae differ somewhat in color, and in size of black spots.
Open Access
Butterfly hostplant records, 1992-2005, with a treatise on the evolution of Erynnis, and a note on new terminology for mate-locating behavior
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Hostplants of larvae, based on 1,014 records (including 474 records of ovipositions and 540 discoveries of eggs, larvae, or pupae in nature) from 1992 through 2005, are presented for butterflies (including skippers), mostly from Colorado, and some from Wyoming, Nebraska, and Minnesota. New life histories are given, including many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology. Larvae and pupae of Colo. Cyllopsis pertepida can be either green or tan, and thus retain a seasonal polyphenism that is present in other Cyllopsis even though only one generation occurs in Colo. Erebia magdalena oviposits on large boulders. Phyciodes picta evidently eats an annual gummy aster in much of the northern part of its range. Still another bog butterfly has been found to be polyphagous (Pyrgus centaureae), adding to the many polyphagous bog butterflies previously known (many Boloria, Colias scudderii); Speyeria mormonia eurynome might be semipolyphagous as well, though conclusive evidence is unavailable. Cercyonis (sthenele) meadii oviposits in shade north of pine trees near its sedge host that grows in that shade. Coenonympha tullia has green and brown larval forms, and striped and unstriped pupal forms. Erebia epipsodea oviposits high on its grass hosts in the foothills, low on its grass hosts in the alpine zone, to moderate the temperature of the eggs. The pupa of Chlosyne palla calydon is black-and white, versus brown in Calif. C. palla palla. Thorybes pylades and Everes amyntula specialize on tendril-bearing (pea "vine") herbaceous legumes. Stinga morrisoni is the only known butterfly that chooses large bunch-grasses (seven species) of many grass taxa. Paratrytone snowi eats only Muhlenbergia montana. Erynnis icelus oviposits only on seedlings. The evolution of Erynnis is discussed, using many new characters of larvae and pupae and valval flexion. Mature larvae of some Pyrginae (Pyrgus communis, Pholisora catullus) that diapause become reddish in color, whereas non-diapausing mature larvae remain greenish. An appendix provides new terminology for describing mate-locating behavior.
Open Access
Phyciodes (Phyciodes): more progress
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Recent modest findings in Phyciodes are reported. P. tharos tharos older larvae are not always blacker than P. cocyta, although they average darker. P. tharos tharos in eastern U.S. sometimes has orange antenna nudum, even as far south as SW Mississippi where orange is slightly more frequent than black. Study of mitochondrial DNA by Wahlberg et al. suggests that P. tharos is a distinct species that has received little genetic influx from P. cocyta, while P. cocyta, P. batesii, and P. pulchella have enormous overlapping variation in mtDNA due to ancient variability plus some later introgression with each other and with P. tharos. P. (cocyta) diminutor has been found in northern Ohio, based on are examination of P. "tharos" specimens used in an electrophoresis study by Porter & Mueller. That study came to the erroneous conclusion that P. tharos and P. cocyta are conspecific, but actually found that Mich. P. cocyta could be conspecific (based on electrophoresis alone) with (misidentified) Ohio P. (cocyta) diminutor. Orange-antenna populations previously reported from Penn. and vicinity are probably mostly P. (cocyta) diminutor. The species/subspecies status of three cocyta-group taxa are discussed: P. diminutor could be a species, and diminutor and incognitus could be conspecific, and all three could be ssp. of P. cocyta (a lot of rearing will be needed to determine their status). A neotype of P. cocyta selenis is designated. P. cocyta arenacolor is a valid local subspecies. A synonym of P. batesii batesii (maconensis) is discussed. P. batesii lakota rarely has orange antenna club. A conclusive history of the travels and owners of the lectotype/neotype Phyciodes pulchella has now been finalized, including the discovery that Foster Hendrickson Benjamin actually wrote the "a/c [according to] Hofer [Carl Hofer]" labels found on numerous Boisduval specimens, in 1925. Other corrections involving Boisduval types are made. The pupal cremaster width of P. pulchella pulchella is studied further and averages not as small as previously thought, though it may average smaller. P. pulchella near pulchella populations from the E slope of the southern Sierra Nevada show past introgression from ssp. camillus, as do some intergrading synonyms in Nevada. Other recent synonymies are discussed and presented in a completely annotated synonymic checklist. More larval/pupal descriptions are presented. Improved identification/description tables are given.
Open Access
Proposals for a new insect study, commerce, and conservation law that deregulates dead insects, and proposals for fixing the Endangered Species Act as applied to insects
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Open Access
Portable (six-drawer) cabinets for California Academy Drawers
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Open Access
Building the California Academy Drawer to house pinned entomological specimens
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
This paper details everything one needs to know in order to build the California Academy Drawer, including costs, purchasing, sawing, glass-cutting, assembly, wood-filling, sanding, varnishing, installing pinning bottom, and installing hardware.
Open Access
Taxonomic studies and new taxa of North American butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006-04-28) Spomer, Stephen M., author; Guppy, Crispin S., author; Kohler, Steve, author; Kondla, Norbert G., author; Fisher, Michael S., author; Scott, James A., author; Schmidt, B. Chris, author; James A. Scott, publisher
New diversity is reported and discussed among North American butterflies. Several dozen new taxa are named. A new "sibling" species has been found to occur throughout the Rocky Mts., introducing a new butterfly species to most states in western U.S. and to southern Alberta and BC. Several taxa of Colias, Euphydryas, Lycaena, and Plebejus are raised to species status. Many name changes are made, and many taxa are switched between species to create several dozen new combinations. The relevance of species concepts to difficult groups of butterflies is explored.
Open Access
Geographic variation and new taxa of western North American butterflies, especially from Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2008-12-03) Garhart, Matthew C., author; Stout, Todd, author; Kondla, Norbert G., author; Spomer, Stephen M., author; Fisher, Michael S., author; Scott, James A., author; Wright, David M., author; Marrone, Gary M., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Michael Fisher is currently updating the 1957 book Colorado Butterflies, by F. Martin Brown, J. Donald Eff, and Bernard Rotger (Fisher 2005a, 2005b, 2006). This project has emphasized the necessity of naming certain butterflies in Colorado and vicinity that are distinctive, but currently have no name, as part of our goal of applying correct species/subspecies names to all Colorado butterflies. Eleven of those distinctive butterflies are named here, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Asterocampa, Argynnis (Speyeria), Euphydryas, Lycaena, and Hesperia. New life histories are reported for species or subspecies of Neominois & Oeneis & Euphydryas & Lycaena that were recently described or recently elevated in status. Lycaena florus differs in hostplant, egg morphology, and somewhat in a seta on 1st-stage larvae. We also report the results of research elsewhere in North America that was needed to determine which of the current subspecies names should be applied to other butterflies in Colorado, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Apodemia, Callophrys, Atlides, Euphilotes, PlebeJus, Polites, & Hylephila. This research has added additional species to the total of Colorado butterflies. Nomenclatural problems in Colorado Lycaena & Callophrys are settled with lectotypes and designations of type localities and two pending petitions to suppress toxotaxa. Difficulties with the ICZN Code in properly applying names to clines are explored, and new terminology is given to some necessary biological solutions.
Open Access
Corrections/reviews of 58 North American butterfly books
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2008-12-03) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher
Corrections are given for 58 North American butterfly books. Most of these books are recent. Misidentified figures mostly of adults, erroneous hostplants, and other mistakes are corrected in each book. Suggestions are made to improve future butterfly books. Identifications of figured specimens in Holland's 1931 & 1898 Butterfly Book & 1915 Butterfly Guide are corrected, and their type status clarified, and corrections are made to F. M. Brown's series of papers on Edwards; types (many figured by Holland), because some of Holland's 75 lectotype designations override lectotype specimens that were designated later, and several dozen Holland lectotype designations are added to the J. Pelham Catalogue. Type locality designations are corrected/defined here (some made by Brown, most by others), for numerous names: aenus, artonis, balder, bremnerii, brettoides, brucei (Oeneis), caespitatis, cahmus, callina, carus, colon, colorado, coolinensis, comus, conquista, dacotah, damei, dumeti, edwardsii (Oarisma), elada, epixanthe, eunus, fulvia, furcae, garita,hermodur, kootenai, lagus, mejicanus, mormo, mormonia, nilus, nympha, oreas, oslari, philetas, phylace, pratincola, rhena, saga, scudderi, simius, taxiles, uhleri. Five first reviser actions are made (albihalos=austinorum, davenporti=pratti, latalinea=subaridum, maritima=texana [Cercyonis], ricei=calneva). The name c-argenteum is designated nomen oblitum, faunus a nomen protectum. Three taxa are demonstrated to be invalid nomina nuda (blackmorei, sulfuris, svilhae), and another nomen nudum (damei) is added to catalogues as a "schizophrenic tax on" in order to preserve stability. Problems caused by old scientific names and the time wasted on them are discussed.
Open Access
Biological catalogue of North American butterflies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2008-12-03) Scott, James A., author; James A. Scott, publisher

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