1980-1999
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Item Open Access Ex post facto analysis of the Sedgwick Sand Draws Project: a case study of the small watershed program(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1999) Ward, Jason P., author; Ruff, James, advisor; Grigg, Neil, committee member; Wilkins-Wells, John, committee memberThe Sedgwick Sand Draws Project is a flood control project completed in 1992 to provide floodwater damage protection for agricultural and municipal lands in Sedgwick County, which lies in extreme northeastern Colorado along the South Platte River. Funding and technical support for the project was provided by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) under the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act, commonly referred to as The Small Watershed Program. Short duration, high intensity thunderstorms occur in mid to late summer in the upland portions of the Sand Draws Watershed near the Colorado- Nebraska border. Runoff from these storms is channeled into upland sand draws that drain into the developed alluvial floodplain below. Before project average annual floodwater damages were estimated at $220,050. An ex post facto method was proposed for evaluating the damage reduction benefits of a watershed flood control project. Using economic, hydrologic and engineering principles, damage-frequency curves developed in the proposal phase of a project are used to estimate actual damage reduction benefits. Estimates are made by adjusting the damage-frequency curves to reflect a current economic time base and evaluating damages produced by hydrologic events that have occurred during the period of analysis. Other performance indicators, such as site inspections, historical crop yields, changes in land use, disaster relief application rates, and interviews with local community members are also used in the evaluation. The ex post facto evaluation principles were applied to the Sand Draws project as a case study. However, lack of information in the SCS Sand Draws proposal required a technique for estimating the original damage-frequency curves. A method for estimating the curves from minimal known information was developed and used for the Sand Draws project. The period of analysis was from completion of the project in June 1992, to the latest date of available data, September 1997. Hydro logic analysis of the watershed identified seven damage producing rainfall events during this period. It was estimated that the project has produced a total of$3,556,628 in damage reduction benefits resulting in average annual benefits of $592,771. Benefit-cost analyses and a look at other performance indicators were also evaluated.Item Open Access A career workshop's effect on vocational identity, career indecision and self efficacy of 10th graders(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1996) Caligiuri, Judith A., author; Daly, Joseph, advisor; Kees, Natalie, committee member; Feller, Richard, committee member; Turner, Joseph G., committee memberThe purpose of this study was to determine a career workshop's effect on the vocational identity, career indecision, and career self efficacy of 10th grade high school students: Twelve research questions were tested to determine the workshop's effect on the three dependent variables: vocational identity, career indecision, and career self efficacy. The primary independent variable was the activities in the workshop. The study also examined whether gender, ethnicity, or academic ability interacted with the treatment workshop on students' vocational identity, career indecision, and career self efficacy. Three standardized instruments were used to measure the variables. The My Vocational Situation, vocational identity scale (Holland, Daiger, & Power, 1980) was used to measure vocational identity. The Career Decision Scale, career indecision scale (Osipow, Carney, Winter, Yanico, & Koschier, 1976) was to used to measure career indecision. The Occupational Self Efficacy Scale, confidence rating scale, (Betz & Hackett, 1981) was used to measure career self efficacy. The 171 subjects in this study were from two rural high schools in Colorado. Eighty seven subjects formed the treatment group sample. Eighty four students formed the control group sample. Major findings in the study indicated the treatment group increased significantly in vocational identity on the MVS post test. Career indecision was significantly lower for the treatment group, as measured by the CDS post test. Career self efficacy did not show a significant degree of change. Boys and girls in the treatment group changed significantly on post test adjusted scores in vocational identity and career indecision. Hispanics in the treatment group did not show a significant degree of change from the Hispanics in the control group on any of the dependent variables. Students of high, middle, and low academic ability did show a significant increase in vocational identity, and a decrease in career indecision. Some limitations exist. Career workshops using other assessments, other blocks of time, or alternate activities with subjects in a different demographic area may find different results. Therefore, generalizability is limited. However, indications supported the use of a career workshop intervention with high school 10th graders to increase vocational identity, and decrease career indecision. More research on the construct of self efficacy is encouraged.Item Open Access Two-dimensional oxygen clusters and films adsorbed on graphite(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981-01) Pan, Ru-Pin Chao, author; Etters, Richard D., advisor; Sites, James R., committee member; Johnson, Gearold R., committee member; Gillis, Nelson S., committee memberThe orientations, structures and phase transitions of two-dimensional oxygen molecular clusters adsorbed on the graphite plane were studied using the Monte-Carlo method. Orientational phase transitions have been found for all cluster sizes studied. Melting temperatures show agreement with measured values for extremely low coverage films. Two different approximations were used in the cluster studies. In one approximation, the interaction between a cluster and the surface was ignored and the center of mass of each oxygen molecule was fixed on a plane. In the other case an atom-atom Lennard-Jones potential was used to determine the surface interaction. An analytic expression was used for the summation over all the carbon atoms in the graphite. The minimal energies and structures of infinite adsorbed films were studied using an energy minimization method. Two stable phases have been found. The molecules in the low density phase are all oriented parallel to the substrate, while the molecules in the high density phase are perpendicular to the substrate. These two phases are identified as the experimentally measured δ and β phases, respectively. The lattice constants are found to be in agreement with the measured values within 3%.Item Open Access Development of the piezovane for estimating liquefaction potential of saturated sands(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1994) Butler, Leo Wm., author; Charlie, Wayne A., advisor; Siller, Thomas J., committee member; Doehring, Donald O., committee memberThe Piezovane was developed for determining in situ liquefaction potential of saturated sands by measuring the porewater pressure response oi saturated sand during and after shearing of the soil. A negative porewater pressure response is an indication that the material is in a dense (dilative) state; therefore is not susceptible to liquefaction failure. Positive porewater pressure response is an indication that the sand is in a loose (contractive) state and is susceptible to liquefaction-type failure. This project included design, fabrication of the Piezovane apparatus and the calibration chamber for the initial laboratory testing. Sands were placed within the calibration chamber at densities greater than or less than densities at the steady state which had been developed by using CU triaxial and CD direct shear tests. Trends indicate that the Piezovane testing can predict contractive or dilative behavior of soils. Additional testing both in the laboratory and in the field is required to determine whether these measured porewater pressure responses and measured shear resistances provide parameters needed for evaluating liquefaction potential and their possible use for design. A patent for the Piezovane has been awarded.Item Open Access Estimating liquefaction potential of sands using the piezovane(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1989) Scott, Clinton E., author; Charlie, Wayne A., advisor; Doehring, D. O., committee member; Siller, T. J., committee memberLaboratory test results are presented indicating feasibility of estimating liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless soil using the piezovane, a shear vane incorporating pore pressure measurement. Utilizing a calibration chamber, piezovane shear tests are conducted on medium-fine subrounded quartz sand. Partially drained tests show small negative pore pressure peaks in dense samples and small positive peaks in relatively loose samples, indicating a reasonable trend of volumetric strain tendencies during shear. The piezovane induces positive pore pressure at denser initial states than steady states (zero contraction) determined by CU triaxial tests, but peak shear strength trends and direct shear test results indicate that observed pore pressure response adequately reflects actual contractive and dilative tendencies during piezovane shear.Item Open Access Synthesis of design operation and management of surface irrigation conveyance systems(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1984) Sritharan, Subramaniaiyer, author; Richardson, E. V., advisor; Clyma, Wayne, advisor; Fontane, Darrell G.. committee member; Sunada, Daniel K., committee member; Hall, W. A., committee memberA theory for the design of conveyance systems, synthesizing with it the operation and management and set in an interdisciplinary mode is proposed. The theory involving eleven steps is required in the development of solutions to six basic problems hitherto inadequately addressed. These solutions are given in the following six modules of the dissertation: (i) Optimal Turnout Area Module, (ii) Turnout Area Water Requirement Module, (iii) Project Scale Farm Design Module, (iv) Ground Water Interaction Module, (v) Water Issue Strategy Module and (vi) Hydraulic Simulation Module. The problem of optimal turnout area was studied using causal processes theory (of mathematical sociology). Independence models and first order Markovian dependence models describing farmer behavior in the turnout area were studied. The turnout area water requirement problem was studied using a probability based design evapotranspiration computation procedure. Requirement depths were obtained by deriving optimal scheduling in space and time applying dynamic programming, using recent crop production functions and considering recent soil moisture stress models. Water requirements in terms of depth were converted to flow requirements in an optimal manner considering the hydraulics of the application system again using a two stage programming approach. Requirement efficiency and deep percolation ratio functions were developed for level borders using a zero-inertia model for four different soil types and for furrows using SCS approaches for the use in the model. Ground water interactions in the irrigated areas were studied using a linearized Boussinesq equation and Green's Function approach. Recharge excitation was represented by a finite Fourier series fitted to the excitations obtained using the developed deep percolation functions and the appropriate boundary conditions. Long term water table build up was studied using this approach for any detrimental effects due to application system design. Different water issue strategies and their optimality/acceptability were studied. The optimal strategy for a Rotational Water Issue (RWI) was that the rotations be as low in the hierarchy of the canal system as possible and the capacities depended on the irrigation intervals. The problem of hydraulic simulation was studied using the linearized diffusive wave equation for canal flow. The integral method was found to compare well with the analytical solution and was used for the solution of the advance problem. Delay times in releasing fixed steps of flow were computed using this approach. The operational criteria and necessary control measures were developed. The solution procedures were applied to a sample hypothetical project area and found to be applicable.Item Open Access Environmental impact and limnological response of a deep wastewater treatment pond(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2000) Mohsin, Syed Ali, authorThe annual and seasonal response of water quality variables to the annual hydrometeorological variation is evaluated at the 10 ft. deep wastewater treatment pond no. 3 of Boxelder Sanitation District. Data of six water quality variables are collected, in one foot depth increments from the surface to the bottom of the pond, to investigate their temporal and spatial response to the seasonal variations in maximum-monthly solar radiation, air temperature, and peak wind gusts. Discrete Fourier series of the nine hydrometeorological variables are generated to study the maximum response of the water quality variables to changes in hydrological phenomena at the surface of the pond.Item Open Access Asymmetric conjugate additions to pyridine and quinoline(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1984) Wettlaufer, David G., author; Meyers, A. I., advisorExtensive studies have investigated the stereochemical and mechanistic aspects of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)mimics. With potential use in mind, chiral 4-methyl and 4-phenyl-1,4- d ihyd ropy rid ines were synthesized by alkylation of 3- oxazolinylpyridine. (This oxazoline and the oxazolinylquinoline below were derived from (1S,2S)-1-phenyl-2-amino-3-methoxypropanol). Addition of excess methyllithium gave the dihydropyridines, isolated as the methyl urethanes, in 85-90% de and 79-81% yield. This high stereoselectivity was found to be independent of temperature and concentration. The oxazoline was readily removed to the aldehyde in 60% yield fil quaternization with methyl fluorosulfonate followed by reduction and hydrolysis. Phenyllithium addition gave the addition products in 84% de and 94% yield. Chiral 4-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridines were also synthesized by alkylation of 3-imino pyridines with excess methyl cuprates. These imines were prepared from 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde condensed with phenylalaninol, phenylalaninol methyl ether, (S)-ethylvalinate, and (S)-t-butylvalinate. The highest stereoselectivity was realized upon alkylation of the t-butylvalinate imine to give the dihydropyridines as the methyl urethanes in 56% de. Mild acid hydrolysis yielded N-carbomethoxy- 3-foDT\Yl-4-methyl-l,4~ihydropyridines in 82% yield.Item Open Access Optical performance of cylindrical absorber collectors with and without reflectors(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1994) Menon, Arun B., author; Duff, William, advisor; Burns, Patrick J., committee member; Zachmann, David W., committee memberThe optical efficiency of a solar collector, which depends on the collector geometry and material properties (i.e., geometry and radiative properties of the cover, absorber and any reflector), contributes significantly towards its overall performance. This optical efficiency is directly proportional to the transmittance-absorptance or τα product for all possible angles of incidence. A 3-D Monte Carlo ray tracing technique is used to determine this τα product for evacuated tubular collectors (ETCs) with cylindrical absorbers in an effort to identify the most efficient optical design parameters. These collectors are asymmetric with respect to the incident solar radiation and their optical efficiencies are therefore difficult to estimate using any other method. The collector geometry is modeled using constructive solid geometry (CSG). CSG allows the generation of complex collector shapes by combining simple primitive objects. The ray tracing algorithm tracks individual photons through the collector geometry to provide a means of obtaining the absorbed fraction for a particular angle of radiation incident on the collector plane. Incidence angle modifiers (IAMs), the ratio of the τα product at a particular set of longitudinal and transverse radiation incidence angles to the τα product at normal incidence are thereby obtained. IAMs are calculated for variations in five different design parameters to determine the most advantageous geometries. It is found that diffusely reflecting back planes significantly enhance optical performance of tubular collectors. Verification of the ray trace calculations is made by comparing with experimental results from the indoor solar simulator at CSU. TRNSYS predicted values of τα are within 1% of the ray trace results for normal incidence tests and within 7% for off-normal tests. Inaccuracies resulting from the use of a multiplicative technique wherein off-axis IAMs are obtained by a multiplicative combination of the biaxial IAMs are also addressed. The multiplicative approach is found to be very inaccurate for angles of incidence greater than 40°. To further assess the relative advantages of tubular collectors over flat plate collectors and whether a reflective back plane is really necessary, the two types of collectors are modeled in a simple fashion and the amount of radiation that is available for collection by each is determined. Calculations show that reflectors would probably not be required for collector slopes in excess of 50°. However, for slope angles less than 50°, a reflector placed behind the tubes is beneficial.Item Open Access Population size estimation using the modified Horvitz-Thompson estimator with estimated sighting probability(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1996) Wong, Char-Ngan, author; Bowden, David C., advisorWildlife aerial population surveys usually use a two-stage sampling technique. The first stage involves dividing the whole survey area into smaller land units, which we called the primary units, and then taking a sample from those. In the second stage, an aerial survey of the selected units is made in an attempt to observe (count) every animal. Some animals, usually occurring in groups, are not observed for a variety of reasons. Estimates from these surveys are plagued with two major sources of errors, namely, errors due to sampling variation in both stages. The first error may be controlled by choosing a suitable sampling plan for the first stage. The second error is also termed "visibility bias", which acknowledges that only a portion of the groups in a sampled land unit will be enumerated. The objective of our study is to provide improved variance estimators over those provided by Steinhorst and Samuel (1989) and to evaluate performances of various corresponding interval procedures for estimating population size. For this purpose, we have found an asymptotically unbiased estimator for the approximate variance of the population size estimator when sighting probabilities of groups are unknown and fitted with a logistic model. We have broken down the approximate variance term into three components, namely, error due to sampling of primary units, error due to sighting of groups in second stage sampling and error due all three components separately in order to get a better insight to error control. Simplified versions of variance estimators are provided when all primary units are surveyed and for stratified random sampling of primary units. Third central moment of population size estimator was also obtained. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate performances of our asymptotically unbiased variance estimators and of confidence interval procedures such as the large sample procedure, with and without transformation, for constructing 90% and 95% confidence intervals for the population size. Confidence intervals for the population size were also constructed by assuming that the distribution of log(T-T) is normally distributed, where f is the population size estimate and T is the number of animals seen in a sample obtained from a population survey. From our simulation results, we observed that the population size is estimated with negligible bias (according to Cochran's (1977) working rule) with a sample of at least 100 groups of elk obtained from a population survey when sighting probabilities are known. When sighting probabilities are unknown, one needs to conduct a sightability survey to obtain a sample, independent of the sample obtained from a population survey, for fitting a logistic model to estimate sighting probabilities of sighted groups in the sample obtained from the population survey. In this case, the population size is also estimated with negligible bias when the sample size of both samples is at least 100 groups of elk. We also observed that when sighting probabilities are known, we needed a sample of at least 348 groups of elk from a population survey to obtain reasonable coverage rates of the true population size. When sighting probabilities are unknown and estimated via logistic regression, the size of both samples is at least 428 groups of elk for obtaining reasonable coverage rates of the true population size. Among all these confidence intervals, we found that those approximate confidence intervals constructed based on the assumption that log (T-T) is normally distributed and using the delta method have better coverage rates and shorter estimated expected interval widths. Confidence intervals for the population size using bootstrapping were also evaluated. We were unable to find an existing bootstrapping procedure which could be directly applied to our problem. We have, therefore, proposed a couple of bootstrapping procedures for obtaining a sample to fit a logistic model and a couple of bootstrapping procedures for obtaining a sample to construct a population size estimate. With 1000 pairs of independent samples from a sightability survey and a population survey, each sample of size 107 groups of elk and using 500 bootstrap iterations, we obtained reasonable coverage rates of the true population size. Our other problem is model selection of a logistic model for the unknown sighting probabilities. We evaluated the performance of the population size estimator and our variance estimator when we fit a simpler model. For this purpose, we have derived theoretical expressions for the bias of the population size estimator and the mean-squared-error. We found, from our simulation results of fitting a couple of models simpler than the full model, that the population size was still well estimated for the fitted model based only on group size but was severely overestimated for the fitted model based only on percent of vegetation cover. For both fitted models, our variance estimator overestimated the observed variance of 1000 simulated population size estimates. We also found that the approximate expression of the expected value of the population size estimator we derived for a fitted model simpler than the full model has negligible bias (by Cochran's (1977) working rule) relative to the average of those 1000 simulated population size estimates. The approximate expression of the variance of the population size estimator we derived for this case somewhat underestimated the observed variance of those 1000 simulated population size estimates. Both approximate expressions apparently give us an idea of the expected size of the population size estimate and its variance when the fitted model is not the full model.Item Open Access Investigation of enhanced-reflectivity features embedded within a wintertime orographic cloud on 28-29 November 1984(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1994) Baker, Ian T., author; Grant, Lewis O., advisor; Mielke, Paul W., committee member; Cotton, William R., committee memberA combination of aircraft, sounding, surface, vertically-pointing ku-Band radar and dual-channel radiometer data was used to investigate the microphysical characteristics of enhanced-reflectivity areas embedded within an orographic cloud in northwestern Colorado on 28-29 November 1984. The orographic cloud was associated with the passage of an open wave and upper-level front over the region, and embedded within the cloud were regularly-spaced areas of increased reflectivity as seen by the vertically-pointing radar. The radiometer observed a cyclical component on both the liquid and vapor channels when oriented in the vertical. Aircraft data reveal that there was supercooled liquid water in the cloud at levels as high as 41 kPa and as far as 55 km upwind of the barrier. 2D-C and 2D-P probe data indicated two crystal regimes, one where concentrations in individual size bins were larger and spectra were broader, indicating crystal growth. In the other, concentrations were smaller and size spectra were narrower. Radar data indicate that the enhanced-reflectivity regions were between 10-20 km apart, with a length dimension on the order of 5 km wide. It is believed that the presence of the enhanced-reflectivity areas is closely linked to the presence of a decoupled layer on the windward side of the barrier, and preliminary evidence points to a gravity-wave mechanism as a physical cause.Item Restricted Pardon blooming(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1983) Hayden, M. D., author; Ude, Wayne, advisor; Tremblay, Bill, committee member; Mitchell, Carol, committee member; McMurray, George R., committee memberA toad, a butterfly, a human being, a philodendron, all need sustenance, need air; all grow and change. Clamp a bottle over a living creature and it suffocates, its movement restricted, its possibilities limited. For an individual, rigidity becomes a glass bottle, and those who struggle to escape the bottle must experience something painful in the process. Glass bottle. Rigidity of society and tradition. For some, rigidity comes from their own acceptance of society's rules or tradition's importance. A creature raised in the confines of a glass bottle is uncomfortable with sudden freedom, as uncomfortable, perhaps as a free creature confined. For others, rigidity is imposed from the outside. These rigid boundaries of society and tradition may not be apparent until they conflict with the individual's inner needs for growth, but when they do conflict, the individual must find air to breathe. Some escape the glass bottle; most don't. Glass bottle. Rigidity of linear time. Although the concept of time as linear is arbitrary in Western thought (some American Indian tribes do not have such a concept), most of us assume our past happened to us in the time line before now. If we remain always the same person, the past, the memories happen continually. But if we have grown and changed, we are not the same person as the child of ten, the adolescent of fifteen, the young adult of twenty. The memories we hold happened to a different person because we are always becoming someone else. Linear time does not allow this idea, but circular time, or even spherical time, does. Glass bottle. Rigidity of gender. Separation of the sexes by innate differences or by imposed societal roles creates a rigid boundary that obscures the commonality of human experience, that denies the similarity of emotion and need in men and women. The first thing that strikes the careless observer is that women are unlike men. They are 'the opposite sex'--(Though why 'opposite' I do not know; what is the 'neighboring sex'?) But the fundamental thing is that women are more like men than anything else in the world. 1 Glass bottle. Rigidity of language. The boundaries of our language define the boundaries of our world. Those things we cannot perceive, we cannot say, and vice versa. The stories in this collection seek to express what our language has no way of saying, to escape a rigid structure, voice or time, to break glass bottles.Item Open Access Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in grade-school children(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1997) Ryan, Linda DeBell, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Bechtel, Peter J., advisor; Kendall, Patricia, committee member; Keefe, Thomas, committee member; Jansen, Duane, committee memberDiets rich in fruits and vegetables have many health benefits. Nutrients in fruits and vegetables such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber help protect individuals from certain cancers and cardiovascular disease. Children in our nation are not meeting the national health objectives or recommendations to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. This research assessed whether the provision of classroom nutrition education on the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables and providing more fresh fruits and fresh vegetables in the school lunch program increased consumption by grade-school children. This research was completed in three parts. The purpose of part one (The Nutrition Education Intervention Study) was to determine if providing nutrition education to grade-school children and the community increased fruit and vegetable consumption. In this study a nutrition education program was given to the grade-school children and community of Holyoke (experimental group). The effects of the nutrition education intervention were compared to the control group (i.e., the grade-school children and community of Haxtun), which received no intervention. A nutrition education program was developed and designed as a hands-on education program for the children and for the community. The intervention included nutrition education materials, demonstrations, and activities on increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables and good nutrition. Fruit and vegetable consumption was measured by a 24-hour food recall (children only) and a pre- and post-questionnaire for the children and community. The results showed mean fruit and vegetable consumption increased by 1.37 servings per day (from 2.45 to 3.82) among the grade-school children using the 24-hour food recall assessment method and 0.93 (3.93 to 4.86) using a pre/post self-reported questionnaire (both at p[less than or equal to]0.05 ). The community's mean fruit and vegetable intake increased by 0.66 servings per day (3.28 to 3.94) from the pre to post questionnaire (p[less than or equal to]0.05 ). The purpose of part two (The Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Intervention Study) was to determine if providing quality fresh fruits and fresh vegetables increased consumption by grade-school children. In this study the Department of Defense (DOD) provided fresh fruits and vegetables to schools within Colorado. The schools receiving the fresh fruits and vegetables (experimental group) were compared to schools not receiving fresh produce (control group). The children in the experimental group were offered a variety of high quality of fresh fruits and vegetables in the school cafeteria with their school lunches. Fruit and vegetable consumption was measured by subtracting plate waste from the beginning weight for each fruit and vegetable served. The results were as follows: 1. The experimental group took on an average 2. 70 ounces combined fruits and vegetables per child, the control group took 3.14 ounces per child (p[greater than or equal to]0.05). 2. The children in the experimental group consumed a greater percentage (73%) of fruits and vegetables than the control group (61 %) (p[less than or equal to]0.05). 3. The children in both groups consumed more fruits than vegetables. In part three, the results of the two studies were completed. The results showed that there was no difference in the two approaches, both interventions increased consumption of fruits and vegetables in the grade-school children.Item Open Access Development and evaluation of a nutrition curriculum to prevent obesity in inner-city teens(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1998) Taitano, Rachael Tatiana, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Auld, Garry, committee member; Kreutzer, Jill, committee member; DeVoe, Dale, committee member; Hill, Jim, committee memberObesity is a major health concern in the United States. Obese adolescents have been found, later in life, to be at increased risk for noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and certain cancers. NHANES III and HHANES data reveal that regardless of ethnicity, an estimated 21% of adolescents (12-17 years of age) in the United States are considered overweight or obese. Obese adolescent girls are at especially high risk for remaining obese in adulthood. Adolescence represents a crucial time for reversing and preventing obesity. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to develop a nutrition education curriculum targeting sedentary, inner-city adolescents living in Denver, Colorado; and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of this curriculum by assessing changes in knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, stage of change for exercise and fat intake behaviors, dietary behaviors, physical fitness indices, and certain physiological parameters. The goal of this course was to promote metabolic fitness by modifying food intake and increasing exercise frequency. In Denver Colorado, twenty-three treatment subjects were compared to fifty-three control subjects. The treatment subjects received two years of nutrition education, while the control subjects received none. Formative evaluations were used to establish course content, and the curriculum was developed utilizing Prochaska's Stages of Change along with Bandura's Self- Efficacy and Social Learning Theory. Promotion of behavior change and progression to the next stage of change was accomplished through instruction and activities focused on consciousness-raising, promotion of social support, environmental reevaluation, management of emotional arousal, self-monitoring and self-evaluation, goal-setting, and improving self-efficacy for selecting and eating healthier foods. After two years of intervention, only 36% of the developed curriculum had been delivered to treatment subjects due to instructor related problems. However, despite implementation difficulties, some positive results were seen. Treatment subjects reported significant improvements in: knowledge, their intentions to change fat intake and exercise behaviors (stages of change), their fat intake as measured by two food frequency questionnaires, and their waist-to-hip ratios. The lack of more positive results are most likely due to poor curriculum implementation.Item Open Access Independent validation of the Core Food Security Module with Asians and Pacific Islanders(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1999) Derrickson, Joda P., author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Auld, Garry, committee member; Banning, Jim, committee member; Hall, Bruce, committee memberAn independent validation of the national household food security measure-the Core Food Security Module (CFSM) and its categorical algorithm-was conducted with Asians and Pacific Islanders in Hawai’i. Research was conducted in three parts: 1) a qualitative study (n=61). 2) a pilot stability study (n=61), and 3) a study replicating methods used to develop the CFSM (n=1664). Caucasians, Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians, Filipinos and Samoans residing in Hawai’i comprised the ethnic groups of focus. Findings: • Confirmed the face validity of the CFSM with Asians and Pacific Islanders in Hawai’i. • Indicated "balanced meals" was most often perceived as a meal with "meat, starch and a vegetable"; • Indicated the CFSM yields valid and reliable scale measures among Asians and Pacific Islanders in Hawai'i, except possibly with American Samoans (n=23). • Suggest weak credibility, validity and stability of the CFSM categorical algorithm: 27% of 111 households identified as food secure with one or more affirmative reply responded affirmatively to "unable to eat balanced meals"; 50% of 64 households classified as experiencing moderate hunger responded affirmatively to "respondent hungry"; and only 62% were consistently classified in the same category over time. • A ''face valid" algorithm-in which one affirmative response is classified as "at risk of hunger" and those who responded affirmatively to Q10 or to the child hunger question (Q14) were classified as such, regardless of other responses, was a preferred algorithm. Compared to the national algorithm, this algorithm resulted in: a lower percentage classified as food secure (85% vs. 78%); a greater percentage who were classified consistently as food insecure without hunger over time (57% vs. 80%); improved face and concurrent validity. • In general, progressively deteriorating food security status as experienced in Hawai'i resulted in concurrent decreased vegetable intake, and increased reliance on Saimin and resource augmentation behaviors. Prudence must be utilized when extending findings to ethnic groups not studied. Findings warrant further investigation of a shorter household food security measure and reassessment of the CSFM categorical algorithm.Item Open Access Development and impact of a Stage of Change bilingual nutrition education program for Hispanics(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1997) Taylor, Terry, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Chapman, Phillip, committee member; Auld, Garry, committee member; Kendall, Pat, committee memberA nutrition education program, entitled La Cocina Saludable - The Healthy Kitchen, was designed based on the Stage of Change Model for Behavior Change and implemented in 10 counties in southern Colorado. The objectives were to improve the nutrition related knowledge, skills, and behaviors that lead to healthy lifestyles in a low-income Hispanic and migrant farmworker population. The content of the program included nutrition information designed to help mothers of preschool children provide for their children's nutritional needs. Specifically, the content areas included 1) Make It Healthy - nutrition principles including the Food Guide Pyramid; 2) Make it Fun - making food fun for children using color, texture, size, and shape; 3) Make A Change - modifying recipes and meals to lower fat, lower salt, lower sugar, and increase fiber; 4) Make it Safe - food safety principles; and 5) Make A Plan - budgeting and shopping tips to help stretch food resources. This population presents many obstacles for nutrition educators including limited resources, child care, transportation, time, language, culture, literacy, education, health beliefs, and in some cases, the transient nature of the population. Previous studies suggest that low-income Hispanics often show low intakes of vitamins A and C, calcium, iron, and protein. It follows that they show high rates of diabetes, obesity, infections, and enteric diseases. This program attempted to overcome these barriers by incorporating the use of a flexible program format carried out by abuela (Hispanic grandmother) educators using appropriate processes described in the Stages of Change Model for Behavior Change. The Stage of Change Model categorizes changing individuals into five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. It is suggested that within each stage, individuals emphasize specific processes that help to move them to the next stage. The program design and materials were developed by thoughtful incorporation of these processes. The program was evaluated using a knowledge and skills pre-test, post-test, and six month follow-up survey which included selected elements from WIC and EFNEP program evaluations. An instrument for measuring movement through the five stages was also developed. Final results of the program's evaluation suggest that this type of program based on the Stages of Change Model and using abuela educators as peer educators is effective in changing selected nutrition related knowledge, skills, and behaviors leading to healthy lifestyles. Administration of similar programs should be thoughtfully planned and implemented. Additionally, development and use of a Stage of Change assessment tool suggests key considerations when attempting to measure stages relative to nutrition behaviors for this population.Item Open Access Association of pet ownership with eating, exercise, nutritional status, and heart health of seniors(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1995) Dembicki, Diane Florence, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Melby, Chris, advisor; Stallones, Lorann, committee member; Auld, Garry, committee member; Barber, Clif, committee memberThe familiar adage "pets are good for your health" is an interesting but largely untested theory. Numerous anecdotal remarks on the health benefits of companion animals to the elderly refer to eating and exercise. Research is needed to examine if any health benefits result from pet ownership, and, if so, models must be developed to explain the reasons. An early empirical study found increased survival rate of heart patients due to pets (Freidmann et al., 1980). A theoretical framework is developing based on pet attachment and substitute social support (Stallones et al., 1990). Recent research investigated the effects of pets on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Anderson et al., 1992). A new model was developed, based on pet ownership leads to better self care, to show possible associations between pet ownership with eating, exercise, nutritional status, and specific cardiovascular risk factors. The major hypotheses tested were pet owners have significantly lower serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than non-owners and these differences are explained by diet and physical activity. The experimental design was a cross-sectional, observational study of a self-selected convenience sample. Seniors aged sixty and above were solicited at senior congregate meals program sites in north-central Colorado (n=127). Instruments used were questionnaires on eating and exercise, emotional and physical health, social support, and pet attachment, biochemical analyses of diet and blood, and anthropometric and physiological measures. Statistical procedures included two-tailed t-tests, Chi-square, multivariate analysis, correlation coefficients and partial coefficients, and analysis of covariance ; a value of p <0. 05 was considered significant. There were few significant differences in diet, nutritional status, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and no significant differences in number of exercise activities and duration of walking between pet and nonowners. Dog owners walked significantly longer than nonowners. Pet owners had significantly lower triglycerides than non-owners. It could not be concluded that pet ownership is associated with better diet and nutritional status, greater physical activity, and reduced cardiovascular risk compared to non-ownership in seniors.Item Open Access Using computer technology to deliver nutrition education to low income populations(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1997) Gould, Susan Martin, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Chapman, Phillip, committee member; Auld, Garry, committee member; Kendall, Pat, committee memberNutrition education has been found to be effective in improving knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, particularly when programs are behavioral oriented and based on theoretical frameworks such as Prochaska's Stages of Change Model, the Social- Cognitive Leaming Theory, and the Communication Theory/Model. Increased nutrition risk has been found to be associated with income level, some minority groups, and education level. A nutrition education program, La Cocina Saludable ("The Healthy Kitchen"), has been developed utilizing abuelas (Hispanic grandmothers) to address some of the nutrition education needs of low-income Hispanic women and children, especially among migrant farm working families. Computer technology provides the opportunity to explore new and creative methods to deliver nutrition education to participants receiving food assistance. If this delivery method is effective, more people can be reached with accurate and consistent messages with less of the recruiting and training challenges found with peer educators. A pictorial version of the Colorado WIC Program Allowable Foods List was created using scanning and desk-top publishing techniques to add pictures and increase the readability of the text. Formative evaluation provided feedback regarding content and design. A final evaluation was completed to determine the preference between the text and pictorial versions. Potential WIC clients preferred the pictorial version (both Spanish and English) by more than 80%. Twelve of 14 grocery store checkers preferred using the pictorial version at their registers. Over 80% of 42 WIC staff surveyed indicated they would use the pictorial version more often with clients and that clients would like them. Building upon these scanning techniques, two units of La Cocina Saludable, "Make It Healthy" and "Make A Change," were adapted to a bilingual interactive multimedia (IMM) program and evaluated. The program was designed to be delivered via touch screen computers to participants of food and other assistance programs. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the knowledge gains and reported behavior changes among participants who completed La Cocina Saludable with a computer and those who completed it with an abuela. Significant knowledge gains (p < 0.05) were observed with both methods of delivery. Those who received "Make It Healthy" with the abuela, however, had significantly more gains (p < 0.05) for that outcome than those who used the computer. No significant differences were seen between the abuela and IMM when comparing within the "Make A Change" unit. A few differences were reported for fat and salt behaviors. IMM provides an opportunity to expose more participants to accurate and consistent nutrition education messages and learning activities. Use of a combination of IMM and nutrition educator methods may be an important consideration to increase contacts and optimize gains.Item Open Access Development and evaluation of a weight control program for obese preadolescent children(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1992) Hammarlund, Virginia Anne, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Stone, Martha, advisor; Bowden, David, committee member; Bechtel, Peter, committee member; Fettman, Martin J., committee memberObesity is a common nutritional problem of American children. Health problems associated with childhood obesity and its continuation into adulthood underscore the need for effective weight control treatment for obese preadolescent children. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective weight control program that incorporated a structured low fat diet, regular exercise, behavior modification, family involvement and a fun learning environment. No weight control treatment for obese preadolescent children has incorporated these factors. The program was designed to teach obese preadolescent children methods to reduce their daily fat intake to between 25 and 30 percent of their total daily caloric intake. Thirty-two obese preadolescent children were recruited from the Cheyenne, Wyoming, area with the assistance of local health care practitioners. Children were randomly assigned to the special intervention group or the standard care group. Children assigned to the special intervention group participated in a newly designed ten week weight control program for obese preadolescent children. Children in the special intervention group changed the nutrient quality but not the fat quantity of their diets. These children, as indicated on their program evaluations and confirmed by nutrient analysis increased their consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meat. They did not use low fat food substitutions that were emphasized in the program. Analysis of activity factors confirmed that children in the special intervention group had increased their level of physical activity at weeks 10 and 22. Children in the standard care group received the nutritional counseling usually provided by a registered dietitian at the local medical clinic. Children in the standard care group exhibited a significant improvement (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) in relative weight and BMI at weeks 10 and 22. Changes in dietary fat intake of children in the standard care group were associated with changes in their weight status indicators. The greater success of the standard care group was related to the level of family functioning and the type of individualized counseling provided as usual care. Results of this study suggest that obese preadolescent children from dysfunctional families could achieve a greater level of weight control success with individualized care than with a group based program.Item Open Access Structural variations in metal ion complexes of the ligand EGTA⁴-(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1985) Schauer, Cynthia Karen, author; Anderson, Oren, advisor; Elliott, C. Michael, committee memberStructural studies of several metal ion complexes with the tetraanion of the octadentate ligand, H^4EGTA (3,12-bis(carboxymethyl)-6, 9-dioxa-3, 12-diazatetradecanedioic acid), as well as the structure of H^4EGTA, have been performed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Of particular interest was the structural basis for the large preference for EGTA^4- to bind calcium ion rather than (K(CaL^2-) ~= 10^6 magnesium ion = 10^6 (K(MgL^2-)), a preference which is similar to that exhibited by intracellular calcium binding proteins. The alkaline earth compounds, Ca[Ca(EGTA)]·(22/3)H2o, Sr[Ca(EGTA)] ·6H2O, Mg[Sr(EGTA)(OH2 )]·7H2o, Mg(Ba-(EGTA)]·(8/3)H2O·(1/3) (CH3) 2CO, and (Mg2(EGTA)(OH2 )6]·5H2O, have been structurally characterized. [Ca(EGTA)]2- is eight-coordinate and utilizes the full octadentate chelating capability of the EGTA^4- ligand. The ether oxygen atoms are bound at a shorter distance than the amine nitrogen atoms. EGTA^4 - is octadentate toward both the strontium and barium ions, which are nine- and ten-coordinate, respectively. The magnesium complex is dinuclear, utilizing each end of the EGTA^4- ligand as a tridentate iminodiacetate ligand; the ether oxygen atoms are not involved in coordination to the metal ion. Structures of EGTA^4 - chelates of metal ions that are commonly used as spectroscopic probes for calcium ion binding sites have also been determined. The cadmium chelate in Sr[Cd(EGTA)]·7H2 o is eight-coordinate, li k e [Ca(EGTA)]^2 -, but the amine nitrogen atoms are bound at shorter distances than the ether oxygen atoms. The metal ions in the structures of tripositive lanthanide ion complexes, Ca[Er(EGTA)(OH2)]2·12H2O and Ca[Nd(EGTA)- (OH 2 )]2·9H2O, are nine- and ten-coordinate, respectively. To further explore coordination modes of the EGTA^4 - ligand with smaller metal ions, where the ligand is not likely to be octadentate, structures of manganese and copper complexes of were determined. Sr[Mn(EGTA)] ·7H2O is isomorphous with the cadmium compound. As a result, the Mn(II) ion is eight-coordinate. The copper complex crystallizes as a dinuclear species, [CU2(EGTA)(OH2)2] ·2H2O, in which each end of the EGTA^4- ligand binds a copper(II) ion in a tetradentate fashion; the ether oxygen atom is bound in the apical position of the square pyramidal coordination sphere.