1980-1999

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10217/100536

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Open Access
Ion extraction from a plasma
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Aston, Graeme, author; Kaufman, Harold R., advisor; Wilbur, Paul J., advisor; Fairbank, William M., Jr., committee member; Sites, James R., committee member
An experimental investigation of the physical processes governing ion extraction from a plasma is presented. The screen hole plasma sheath of a multi-aperture ion accelerator system is defined by equipotential plots for a variety of accelerator system geometries and operating conditions. A sheath thickness of at least fifteen Debye lengths is shown to be typical. The electron density variation within the sheath satisfies a Maxwell-Boltzmann density distribution at an effective electron temperature dependent on the discharge plasma primary-to-Maxwellian electron density ratio. Plasma ion flow up to and through the sheath is predominately one dimensional and the ions enter the sheath with a modified Bohm velocity. Low values of the screen grid thickness to screen hole diameter ratio give good ion focusing and high extracted ion currents because of the effect of screen webbing on ion focusing.
Open Access
An exhibition of twenty-three original works of art
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Benedict, James Michael, author; Dormer, James T., advisor; Dietemann, David L., committee member; Sanford, Kern, committee member
The concern of this thesis is a personal translation of light and form into an interplay of forces that animate the objects or shapes beyond the picture plane. This poetic rhythm of object and space is created by delicate intrusions of geometry on the shapes. These intrusions allow the open space and light to penetrate the image or object but do not dictate its specified shape. The images suggest volume, but they are not hallowed out from space; rather they are projected from space through the interaction of light on form. I have examined these elements in terms of organic forms and also mechanical forms.
Open Access
Lettuce irrigation scheduling using atmometers and computers
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) McSay, Ann Emery, author; Moore, Frank D., III, advisor; Workman, Milton, committee member; Angleton, George, committee member; Danielson, Robert E., committee member
Linear relationships between soil matric potential (SMP) and evaporative power of the air (EPA) were developed in order to schedule irrigation of lettuce in arid or semi-arid regions. The irrigation scheduling model is based on the assumption that SMP i.e. soil moisture "need" is a function of stage of growth, EPA, soil texture and root zone recharge. Root zone recharge may be due to an irrigation which brings the effective root zone to field capacity or a rainfall event which accomplishes the same purpose. Four linear equations similar to stage of growth coefficients are modified by soil coefficients which account for variation in hydraulic conductivities due to soil texture. Information required on a daily basis for daily output consists of milliliters of water lost from standardized Bellani plant atmometers and inches of rainfall from 8 inch diameter USWS rain gauges. The irrigation scheduling output is in 2 forms. One is graphic. Graphic analysis allows the user to visualize the progression of SMP (converted from ƩEPA) as a function of days from last recharge. The observer simply compares this plotted line to the SMP horizontal (constant) line, one for each of the 4 growth stages. An obvious reminder of tardiness occurs after the two lines intersect. This graphic form of output results from a program written in assembly language for a programmable calculator. The other form of output is digital. A FORTRAN program for a large scale computer was written. The program fits, by the least squares method; linear, quadratic and cubic regression equations to ƩEPA versus days from last recharge data. The program solves each of the 3 polynomials for days to next recharge and converts the end of the interval to a calendar date. The user then selects the most imminent of the 3 predicted dates with the aid of associated coefficients of determination. A tardiness reminder is also provided. The program is used in the interactive mode and will permit rapid daily update and query of 400 different plantings. A method was developed to protect the Bellani plate assemblies from freezing.
Open Access
The vital force
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Square, Vicki Lambert, author; Orman, Jack L., advisor; Dietemann, David L., committee member; Dormer, James T., committee member; Kern, Sanford, committee member
In a discussion of my work my inclination would be to focus in on my use of light. Most probably the reason for this is that using a strong light source, most often sunlight, is always a conscious decision in my work. In fact, I am not at all inclined to draw of that strong light is not present. The light in my work appears in one of two ways, or in combination. In some cases, particularly in the figures, the light appears as an opaque coating of the surface, describing volume as well as surface texture. In others, and these may be combined with the opaque quality, an atmospheric light pervades. This type of light establishes a space, but more importantly it creates the mood, or spirit if you will, by which the subject is enveloped. I am using light in a very conscious way, but the real forte of my work is the gestural, expressive, and strong line. The line is intuitive and is the very thread of continuity in my work. I believe I see things in terms of an active, dancing line enlivening the shadow, and therefore my line embodies movement. The line is what makes my work distinctive as corning from my hand. In terms of subject matter, my graduate exhibition is a most personal one. The progression of my artistic development and personal maturation is most evident in the self-portrait series. It goes from a beginning of a more superficial way of seeing myself and hiding things within me, to taking a hard and objective look desiring to lay bare hidden things; taking an unabashed look and not being afraid of what I see. Hands become an increasingly important part of my portrait. My hands are what I do things with, what I say things visually with, what I either hide or reveal with. Possibly they may be more expressive than the face, but together the hands and face constitute an undeniable force the viewer must deal with. I learn the most from doing the self-portrait, about the progression of my artwork. I believe I can go from the self-portrait to other subjects taking a fresh look, but always knowing the intensity of work that accompanies the understanding of the inner spirit of whatever subject I am dealing with. Most probably I will always return to the self-portrait to take new steps, to experiment, and to progress. I believe it to be a blessing to know concretely that I have a direction to always encounter an intense learning experience.
Open Access
The geology, alteration, and mineralization of the Turquoise Lake area, Lake County, Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Craig, Steven D., author; Thompson, Tommy B., advisor; Greybill, F., committee member; Burns, L. K., committee member
The Turquoise Lake intrusive complex is located on the northeast flank of the Sawatch Range in Lake County, Colorado. The complex is centered on a 35 million year old subvolcanic stock of quartz latite porphyry. The intrusive rocks associated with the explosive emplacement of the stock includes an intensely brecciated border phase surrounding the porphyritic stock center, and dikes of similar composition. Other Oligocene intrusives include early dikes of latite and lake dikes o f rhyolite. North-trending structures reflecting the axis of the Sawatch Range are common throughout the Turquoise Lake area. The Central Fault, a major north-trending fault, is thought to have localized the stock at the juncture with inferred east-west trending structures. Radial faulting found in the Sugarloaf and St. Kevin Mining Districts formed during the emplacement of the Turquoise Lake stock. Widespread and pervasive alteration halos including a propylitic zone, transition zone, phyllic zone, and quartz-topaz subzone are centered on the stock. A late kaolinite-sericite zone is found at depth within the stock or in late dikes found above this zone. Pervasive disseminated pyrite is found increasing up to 10 volume percent toward the stock. Molybdenite is found in the quartz -topaz subzone and in quartz veinlets outside this area. The rocks surrounding the Turquoise Lake stock are geochemically anomalous in Cu, Mo, Ph, Zn, Sn, W and F. These elements form donut shaped dispersion halos centered on the stock. Two pulses of mineralization are inferred with double halos by the elements Cu, Pb, and Zn. Drillhole geochemistry finds Mo, Cu, and W displaying discrete halo boundaries and increasing values toward the bottom of the holes. Studies of vein mineralogy relationships from the St. Kevin and Sugarloaf Districts find four episodes of mineralization. These include an early ore preparation stage, main ore stage, late ore stage, and supergene stage. The bulk vein mineralogy consists of a quartz gangue, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Samples from different locations throughout the mining districts were analyzed for Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ag, Sn, W, and Bi. These metals formed distinct concentration halos spatially associated with the Turquoise Lake stock. The Turquoise Lake stock has many features associated with known molybdenite ore bodies. These features suggest that potential exists for discovery of a molybdenite ore body at Turquoise Lake.
Open Access
Streamflow synthesis and water allocation by water right priorities
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Holt, William Kent, author; Longenbaugh, Robert A., advisor; Stiffler, William D., advisor; Smith, F. M., committee member
A computerized streamflow model was developed that allocates water by the doctrine of prior appropriations. The function of the model is to simulate the impacts of physical or legal changes in a stream system managed on the basis of priority of water rights. Given a specified value of streamflow and a desired level of demand, the model predicts the amount of water available to individual users. The model has been applied to the White River in Colorado. Results indicate that the model is a useful tool in predicting streamflows and water availability for individual users.
Open Access
Biochemical differentiation and hormonal regulation of the developing testes in Tenebrio molitor
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Alrubeai, Hussain Fadhil, author; Gorell, Thomas A. (Thomas Andrew), advisor; Seidel, George E., committee member
During differentiation, the testes of Tenebrio molitor have been found to exhibit increases in biosynthetic capacity reflected in alterations in testicular protein and RNA. This biochemical differentiation was influenced by endogenous and/or exogenous hormones. The testes underwent dramatic increases in size and weight during the prepupal stage that were continued through later developmental stages. Histological analysis revealed that the maturation process of the germ cells to produce spermatozoa proceeded from the distal end of the follicles and toward the basal region to form a "differentiation wave." Spermatozoa were found in the prepupal testes. The underlying biochemical machinery of the developmental process was found to be accelerated in manufacturing different elements for germ cell differentiation at certain stages and particularly when the endogenous level of ecdysterone rose during the late prepupal and at mid-pupal stages. Gradual increases in testicular protein and RNA content were observed during the prepupal stage. The observed increases were more dramatic for both protein and RNA content in the pupal stage. The testicular protein and RNA content reached their maximum levels between days 4 and 7 of the pupal stage as did the rate of 3H-leucine incorporation. During the adult stage, the biosynthetic processes for producing protein and RNA were apparently reduced following the first few days after adult emergence. The protein products of the mealworm testes were shown by gel electrophoresis to be many and diverse. The 27 protein products were of various molecular weights, ranging from 12,000 to 127,000 daltons. These products were present at different ages of development and persisted for various times indicating that some of these proteins may be necessary for the formation of specific germ cell types. In addition, a variety of these testicular protein components incorporated leucine at measurable levels throughout development, particularly during the pupal stage. It was ascertained that the rate of incorporation of radioactive leucine into TCA -precipitable testicular protein was not affected by the administration of exogenous juvenile hormone alone (JHI, 1 µg/animal) during the pupal stage. However, the administration of exogenous ecdysterone (0. 5 µg/animal) to pupal Tenebrio resulted in an increase in the rate of radioactive leucine incorporation into TCA -precipitable testicular proteins, particularly during the first six days after pupal ecdysis. The amount of ecdysterone injected appeared to stimulate the production of the same testicular protein components that were present during normal pupal development. Injection of a higher dose of ecdysterone (1.5 µg/animal) during some of the pupal ages appeared to alter the testicular differentiation program by enhancing the incorporation of leucine into not only the age -specific testicular protein components but also into new protein components which did not normally appear at these specific ages. Simultaneous administration of both JH and ecdysterone on mealworm pupae at specific ages indicated that there was no apparent interaction, synergistic nor antagonistic, between these two hormones. Furthermore, the incorporation rate of leucine closely resembled that rate obtained following injection of ecdysterone alone in all the pupal ages studied.
Open Access
Panoramic space and landscape
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Jensen, Jay W., author; Orman, Jack L., advisor; Dormer, James T., committee member; Dietemann, David L., committee member; Twarogowski, Leroy A., committee member; Crocker, David A., committee member
To view the abstract please see the full text of the document.
Open Access
Ground water monitoring strategies to support community management of on-site home sewage disposal systems
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980) Nelson, James D., author; Ward, Robert C., advisor; McWhorter, D. B., committee member; Mielke, P. W., committee member; Hiller, R. L., committee member
Organizations which provide centralized management of on-site sewage disposal systems are currently evolving in many areas of the United States. At present, there is no routine feedback for management agencies regarding their efforts in preventing ground water contamination. Ground water monitoring is necessary to provide these agencies with the information they need to maintain ground water quality. This research is directed toward supplying monitoring strategies for that purpose. Ground water monitoring strategies presented herein were developed by combining deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The variables which need to be considered in such a monitoring program are discussed. Two types of monitoring are defined which need to be incorporated into an overall management plan. Inspection monitoring refers to the monitoring of individual systems to determine if they are exceeding their design discharge of pollutants to the ground water. Trend monitoring is defined as the monitoring which detects over time and space the cumulative effect of a management agencies pollution control efforts. Inspection monitoring strategies are developed in terms of the sampling frequencies necessary to obtain a specific probability of detecting system failure. A mathematical model describing the flow of pollutants through the leach field is developed for the purpose of evaluating sampling plans and a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the effect of varying the parameters of the system and the input to the leach field. The discussion of trend monitoring strategies is based primarily on existing statistical theory. Sampling frequency is discussed in terms of the number of samples required to obtain an estimate of the mean of a water quality variable within specified confidence limits. The effect of spatial and serial correlation is also considered. Finally, a discussion of various sampling techniques applicable to ground water monitoring is presented.
Open Access
Pastoral development in the Sahel
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1980-03) Greenwood, Gregory Boyce, author; Bartlett, E. T., advisor; Alers-Montalvo, Manuel, committee member; Wasser, Clinton, committee member
Ecological, geographic, economic and anthropological literature pertaining to the Sahel is reviewed in order to provide a basis for pastoral development policy. Great variability in annual primary production is the principal characteristic of Sahelian vegetation. The range can best be improved by increasing the density of woody plants on dry season range. Simple grazing trials are recommended to verify and quantify this improvement. Traditional pastoral systems were found to be well adapted to the great variability of the Sahel. Traditional strategies sought to obtain a consummable output while maintaining a level of risk aversion. The role of commercialization in an optimal strategy is unclear and may depend on the pastoralist's wealth, personal discount rate, perception of future risk and perception of his herd as a risk averting mechanism. Historical events have increased pressure on the resource base while disrupting the traditional social and political structures of the Sahel. Resource degradation and increased household insecurity have resulted. Development projects must change the micro-economic environment of the pastoralist by simultaneously increasing primary production and decreasing risk. A number of ecological and social techniques are discussed. A new type of rural institution is proposed that would unite pastoralists, local government officials and technical experts in developing, testing and evaluating potential solutions.
Open Access
State licensing of fitness leaders in Colorado health clubs
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Legel, John Patrick, author; Morton, Max L., advisor; Lantry, Terry L., committee member; Johnson, M. L., committee member
The purpose of this study was to formulate a legal proposal for licensing of fitness leaders in Colorado health clubs. The subproblems were: 1) to identify present qualifications and educational backgrounds of currently employed fitness supervisors and leaders in the Colorado health club industry, 2) to determine the trend of the law in cases of personal injury resulting from negligence of a health club employee, and 3) to determine the need for a state licensing procedure for fitness leaders in Colorado health clubs. A survey questionnaire was developed and mailed to the managers of the 220 health clubs listed in the 1981 Colorado telephone directory. Percentages and frequency tabulations were used to analyze the results. One hundred nineteen questionnaires were returned, 115 of which contained data suitable for analysis. From the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) The educational background of Colorado health club employees with respect to health and fitness related certifications is low. 2) The educational background of Colorado health club employees with respect to courses taken in one of the nine related areas is low. 3) Only 59 percent of health clubs have a full time employee trained in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 4) Only 51 percent of health clubs have a full time employee trained in Advanced First Aid. 5) Fitness leaders receive the major portion of their related education at the university level, with high schools, junior colleges, and health clubs contributing in a minor way. 6) The rapid expansion of knowledge in the exercise field is not being adequately extended to the patrons of health clubs, because about half of the health clubs do not have an employee who has taken related coursework within the last four years. 7) There are no generally accepted standards as to what constitutes a minimum level of knowledge for a fitness leader in the Colorado health club industry. 8) A licensing procedure would be in the self interest of the health club industry. Health club owners could show that they took reasonable care in providing their patrons with knowledgeable personnel, by employing licensed fitness leaders and may thereby reduce their potential liability. Considering the trend of the courts to view liability waivers unfavorably, this becomes important. 9) The conclusions support the need for a state licensing procedure to set a minimum standard of knowledge for fitness leaders, to insure that current and reliable information is being given to the public. From these conclusions the following recommendations are suggested. 1) The minimum standards should be based on the current state of the art as determined by leading authorities in the exercise field. 2) A practical way to achieve these standards would be to initiate a state licensing program that would test and license fitness leaders. 3) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation should be required. 4) Advanced First Aid should be required. 5) Applicants for a license should be able to demonstrate a basic knowledge of the following topics. a) Exercise Physiology b) Exercise Program Design c) Human Anatomy and Kinesiology d) Diet and Nutrition e) Psychology of Motor Behavior, Sport and Exercise f) Health Evaluation Methods g) Activity Related Injury h) Muscular Training 6) Licenses should be renewed every four years.
Open Access
Finite element 2-D transport model of groundwater restoration for in situ solution mining of uranium
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Warner, James W., author; Sunada, D. K., advisor; Longenbaugh, Robert A., committee member; Morel-Seytoux, H. J., committee member; Ethridge, Frank G., committee member; McWhorten, David B., committee member
Developing technologies such as in situ solution mining of uranium represent a new, more complex solute transport problem in site restoration than traditional transport problems such as contaminant migration. The method consists of injecting through wells a lixiviant into the host aquifer containing the uranium. The uranium is preferentially dissolved and the uranium-bearing groundwater is recovered through pumping wells. The environmental advantages of solution mining over conventional mining techniques are several; however, it has the disadvantage of potentially contaminating the groundwater system. A computer model of groundwater restoration for the in situ solution mining of uranium is developed and documented. The model is based on the Galerkin-finite element method using triangular elements and linear shape functions. The computer model calculates the dual changes in concentration of two reacting solutes subject to binary cation exchange in flowing groundwater. This cation exchange process is important in the groundwater restoration of solution mining. Both the concentration in solution and the concentration adsorbed on the solid aquifer material are calculated for both solutes at specified places and times due to the process of convective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing from fluid sources and cation exchange. No other reactions are assumed which would affect the solution concentrations. The model also has the capacity to simulate conservative solute transport. A complete documentation of the computer model and a detailed description of the numerical solution of both the groundwater flow equation and the solute-transport equations are presented. The model was successfully applied to an actual field problem of ammonium restoration for a pilot scale uranium solution mining operation in northeast Colorado near the town of Grover. The computer model is offered as a basic working tool that should be readily adaptable to many other field problems. The model should have wide applicability by regulating agencies, mining companies and others concerned with groundwater restoration for in situ solution mining.
Open Access
Untitled: pottery and drawing
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Veerkamp, Patrick B., author; Hendry, Kenneth, advisor; Dietemann, David L., committee member; Williams, Ron G., committee member; Twarogowski, Leroy A., committee member
My work originates from the personal experience and perception of the dichotomous nature of reality. My concern is with the interface of this twofold state. Metaphorically, I am exploring a hypothetical line of demarcation - the median - the verge of; classical and romantic, order and disorder, etc., the brink of transition from one position to the other. My intent is not merely to make known a duality but to explore mutual interactions and complexities within this relationship; the irony of the subtle conflicts and harmonies that result from this confrontation. TACIT RECONCILIATION - Each piece involves the juxtaposition of disparate plastic elements. The individual components are allowed to interact in contrast or in harmony, coexisting in a common space. In order to facilitate this union of contrasting parts certain mediating devices are employed to reconcile the inherent duality. Pottery, and its innate abstract associations, is one such device; the dynamic symmetry of specific proportional relations is another. The result is an intermingling of dissimilar elements within the structure of 'known' organizational principles. In effect the security of this known structure is countered by the insecurity and ambiguity of contrasting plastic means. Thus, the image becomes an intermediary, a compromising factor between unyielding extremes. It is an agent for a complex experience capable of accommodating such diverse feelings as anxiety, serenity, frustration, fulfillment and a similar variety of conflicting emotions. Ultimately, it serves to mediate a new state of experience interposed between antipodal positions. This experience is tacit, i.e., it cannot be perceived by stating directly the dichotomous premises but it is inferred by the reconciliation of the two. In fact, it must evade the extremes in order to mediate the intervening position - it is my thesis that this is the most complete and richest experience.
Open Access
Comparative winter nutrition of elk in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Rowland, Mary M., author; Alldrege, A. William, advisor; White, Gary C., committee member; Bailey, J. A., committee member
Diet quality and nutritional status of elk {Cervus elaphus nelsoni) were studied in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, during January-April 1980. A recently burned montane area, including portions of Bandelier National Monument, and an unburned upper montane area in the Valle San Antonio were selected for winter range comparisons. Botanical composition of elk diets, determined by microhistological analysis of feces, was markedly different between the 2 areas, passes dominated diets in the burned area (x =90%), but were consumed in nearly equal proportions with browse in the unburned area (x = 52%, grasses; x = 41%, browse). Forbs were minor dietary components in both areas. Diet botanical com-position did not vary during the winter and early spring. Grasses were more digestible than was browse, but crude protein content was similar between forage classes. Temporal increases in quality of grasses were significant, whereas browse forages remained relatively constant in quality. Comparisons of forage protein and IVDOM (in vitro digestible organic matter) revealed no differences between locations. Dietary protein ranged from 3.5-7.2% in Bandelier and from 4.7-7.5% in the Valle San Antonio, and was consistently superior in the unburned area. Increases in diet IVDOM in Bandelier (35% to 48%) surpassed those in the Valle San Antonio (33% to 39%) and were more rapid in Bandelier. Increases in diet quality were highly correlated with changes in quality of grasses consumed by elk. Observed disparities in diet quality between areas were caused primarily by differences in diet compositions and the differing qualities of grasses vs. browse. Forage quality was more variable than was diet quality, indicating the ability of elk to maintain relatively constant diet quality when confronted with large fluctuations in forage quality. A simulation model of ruminant energy and nitrogen balance was used to predict potential effects of diet quality on elk nutritional status. Greater energy deficits were predicted for elk in the unburned area, effecting greater losses of fat and lean body. Superior dietary nitrogen in the unburned area was insufficient to compensate for these losses.
Open Access
The constituents of Castilleja rhexifolia, Mahonia repens and Oncidium cebolleta
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Suess, Terry R., author; Stermitz, Frank R., advisor
A total of 54 species of plants from 21 different plant families were collected throughout the subalpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. These plants were tested for antitumor activity, alkaloid content and grasshopper antifeedant activity. Although none of the plants showed significant antitumor activity, 13 showed the presence of alkaloids and eight showed activity in the grasshopper antifeedant screen. One of the plants that showed the presence of alkaloids was Castilleja rhexifolia Rydb. Investigation of C. rhexifolia extracts led to the isolation of senecionine, a previously reported hepatoxic, pyrrolizidine alkaloid. This is the first report of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid in the Scrophulariaceae, and the first alkaloid isolated from Castilleja. The constituents of Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don, a plant used by the Ramah Navajo of the Southwest in folk medicine, were also investigated. The leaves of M. repens contained four known aporphine alkaloids: isocorydine, corydine, thaliporphine and glaucine. The stems and roots of M. repens contained one known aporphine alkaloid (magnoflorine), four known bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (obaberine, thalrugosine, oxyacanthine and obamegine), four known protoberberine alkaloids (palmatine, berberine, jatrorrhizine and columbamine), the known lignan, syringaresinol, and the sugar, sucrose. The isolation of these secondary metabolites allows a chemotaxonomic comparison of M. repens to the other Mahonia sp. studied, and also to the closely related genus, Berberis. As part of a continuing study to clarify the spectral data of 1,2,10,11-dihydroxydimethoxyaporphines, N-methylisocorytuberine was synthesized by the Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction and Pschorr cyclization. Spectral and thin layer chromatography data for N-methylisocorytuberine were then compared to two other reported isomers, magnoflorine and N,N-dimethyllindcarpine. The orchid, Oncidium cebolleta (Jacq.) Sw., is used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico as an important substitute for peyote. The chloroform extract of O. cebolleta was found to contain five previously unreported phenanthrenes and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes. Four of these compounds were identified as 2,3-dihydroxy-4,6,7 -trimethoxyphenanthrene, 2,3-dihydroxy-4,6,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene and 2,8- dihydroxy-4,7-dimethoxyphenanthrene. Although it is not known if these compounds are responsible for the hallucinogenic activity of O. cebolleta, their structural similarity to tetrahydrocannabinol makes this conceivable.
Open Access
Optimizing salinity control strategies for the Upper Colorado River Basin
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Evans, Robert George, author
Salinity is the most serious water quality problem in the Colorado River Basin. The impact, felt largely in the Lower Basin, is acute because the basin is approaching conditions of full development and utilization of all available water resources. Current estimates indicate that each mg/1 increase in concentration at Imperial Dam results in $450,000 annual damages. Therefore, in order to offset salinity caused by the development of the vast energy supplies and to allow the seven Colorado River Basin states to fully utilize their allocation of Colorado River water, it is necessary to implement cost-effective salinity control programs in the basin. A simple multi-level nonlinear optimization procedure was utilized to formulate the most cost-effective array of salinity control strategies for the Upper Colorado River Basin. The incremental cost-effectiveness methodology qualitatively indicates the location and general type of alternatives to be implemented in a least cost basin-wide salinity control program. The results also qualitatively indicated the anticipated salt load reduction and expected annual costs of each salinity reduction increase for any preselected level of control. The analysis was limited to projects designated in PL 93-320. Costs and salinity contributions associated with various alternatives were generated using January, 1980, estimated conditions. Cost-effectiveness functions were developed for each of the major canals and laterals, the aggregate laterals under each canal, and an array of on-farm improvements for each agricultural project area. Similar functions were also developed for point sources such as Paradox Valley, Glenwood-Dotsero Springs and Crystal Geyser. Collection and desalination of agricultural return flows were also considered. Marginal cost analysis based on current damage estimates indicate that the optimal cost-effective salinity control program in the Upper Basin would cost about $30 million annually and remove about 1.2 million megagrams of salt per year. In addition, it was concluded that maintenance of the 1972 salinity levels at Imperial Dam cannot be cost-effectively achieved and should be allowed to rise by as much as 180 mg/1. Optimal salinity control programs are presented for the individual alternatives, for individual areas or projects, for the states of Colorado and Utah and the Upper Colorado River Basin. Sensitivity analysis showed that very large errors in costs and component salt loading would have to be evident to change the optimal salinity control strategy for the Upper Colorado River Basin.
Open Access
Clinoptilolite, as a N, K, and Zn source for plants
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Lewis, Michael D., author; Moore, Frank Devitt, III, advisor; Goldsberry, Kenneth L., 1932-, committee member; Schmehl, W. R., committee member
Clinoptilolite was tested for its capacity to enhance availability of N, K, and Zn in the production of vegetable and flower species. Ammonium charged zeolite and mixtures of zeolite plus ammonium sulfate or urea were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment involving a medium (13% clay) textured alkaline soil with no drainage provided and a light (6% clay) textured soil which was leached 6 times during the course of the experiment. Controls were ammonium sulfate and urea. Banding provided the most effective method of application of zeolite compared to incorporation when radish, Raphanus sativus cv. Improved Scarlet Globe, was used as a test species. Banded ammonium charged zeolite increased radish growth in both medium and light textured soils. A decrease in N03-N loss occurred in the leached light soil. A physical mixture of uncharged zeolite and ammonium sulfate provided no increase in radish growth or reduction in leachate nitrate. Banding zeolite, in conjunction with urea, reduced growth suppression which occurred when only urea was added. Growth response of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Spring Giant, were evaluated under field conditions, using banded treatments of ammonium charged zeolite, ammonium charged zeolite plus ammonium sulfate and uncharged zeolite plus ammonium sulfate. No differences in plant growth occurred among zeolite and control treatments due to unavoidable additions of nitrate nitrogen in the irrigation water. Two greenhouse experiments were used to evaluate the influence of zeolite on vegetables, cut flowers and potted plant crops in two different media. Radish, Raphanus sativus cv. Improved Scarlet Globe responded positively to charged and naturally potassic zeolites, equaling growth obtained by the fertilizer injection method. Lettuce, Lactuca sativa cv. Grand Rapids Forcing (H-54); beans, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Cherokee; chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Bonnie Jean and snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus cv. Missouri growth was not positively affected by predesigned zeolite levels. Pot crops of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. Dark Red Annette Hegg and Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum cv. Ace also were not responsive.
Open Access
Determining the financial performance of private veterinary practices
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Höglund, Donald Lee, author
Determining the financial performance of a private veterinary practice requires first and foremost that a private practice be considered as a business enterprise. Veterinarians, while facing a maze of normal business problems, have for the most part neglected any type of formal financial performance analysis. The collection and summarization of financial data in the veterinary practice is an essential prerequisite for analyzing financial performance. This collection and data summarization can be amassed conveniently and concisely in three commonly used financial statements: The Balance Sheet, The Income Statement, and The Statement of Changes in Financial Position. From here the actual analysis begins. Countless businesses in many industries utilize standard analytical techniques that provide business information for management decision making. Essentially, an analysis of the financial performance of the private veterinary practice is affected in three ways. First, the analyst calculates common-size percentages for all accounts on the balance sheet and income statement. Second, certain accounts are selected for an analysis of trend and growth rate, and third, a computation of certain relevant financial ratios is required for a comparison of accounts and account structure. Each of these three techniques can be performed for one instant in time and over several time frames thus allowing the veterinarian to compare his practice to other veterinary practices as well as to other similar industries. These analytical tools, while widespread in American business, are virtually non-existent in the veterinary industry. They should be computed and used for making managerial and financial decisions in the private veterinary practice.
Open Access
Neighbor-scape
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Ambrose, Richard M., author; Cody, Bruce, advisor; Twarogowski, Leroy A., committee member; Ellerby, David A., committee member; Orman, Jack L., committee member
To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document.
Open Access
Cold hardiness and cryopreservation of small fruits
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1981) Wu, Min-Tze, author; Hughes, Harrison G., advisor; Wallner, Stephen J., committee member; Stanwood, Phillip C., committee member
This study examined cold hardiness and the occurrence of deep supercooling in stem with an attached bud of 4 cv. of grape and 4 of raspberry. Cryoprotectants were also tested for their influence on cold hardiness of raspberry vegetative bud and stem. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of 4 cv. of grapes, Vi tis species hybrids, 'Concord', 'Beta', ' Valient', and 'Rougeon' showed that the stem and bud pieces of all cv. deep supercool in winter. They all showed a bud exotherm at approximately -25 to -30°C, and a stem tissue exotherm at approximately -40°C. The temperature at which the bud exotherm occurs may be the killing point of the bud which in turn could lead to the death of the above-ground canes. Evidence of this was the observation of the death of 'Rougeon' buds, bud exotherm observed at approximately -20°C, during the winter of 1980-1981 when the lowest temperature was -2S.6°C. DTA profiles of stem with attached bud samples of the 4 raspberry cv., 'Heritage', Ruhus idaeus L., 'Black Hawk', R. occidentalis L., ' Amethyst', R. neglectus Peck, and 'Darrow', R. allegheniensis Porter, suggest that these do not deep supercool during winter. The mechanism of freezing resistance of these may be tolerance of extracellular freezing. Survival, indicated by sprouting, on January 30, 1981 showed that the LT50 (lethal temperature for at least 50% bud sprouting) was -55°C -50°C, and -45°C for 'Black Hawk', 'Amethyst', and 'Heritage', respectively. This supports the idea that at least these 3 cv. resist freezing by tolerance of extracellular freezing. Therefore minimum temperature may not be the major limiting factor in their northernly distribution. In descending order the observed degree of hardiness was 'Black Hawk', 'Amethyst', and 'Heritage'. Survival tests of 'Heritage' samples treated with cryoprotectants showed no benefit of cryoprotectants for enhancing the resistance of acclimated buds and stem to cold injury. However, there were some implications that cryoprotectants may enhance the resistance of nonacclimated samples to lower temperatures.

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