Browse
Recent Submissions
- ItemOpen AccessAn exploration of varying attentional focus strategies on the exercise experience(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Oselinsky, Katrina, author; Graham, Daniel, advisor; Cleary, Anne, committee member; Thomas, Micheal, committee member; Hickey, Matthew, committee memberBackground: Research indicates attentional focus (AF) has a significant impact on the overall exercise experience, however, little is known regarding how AF manipulations via the use of distracting technology exerts a beneficial influence on the exercise experience. Additionally, the effect of varying AF strategies on the exercise experience may vary based on individual characteristics and/or familiarity with the exercise task. Purpose: The goal of Study 1 was to determine if distinct exerciser profiles could be created from a sample of group fitness participants. The goal of Study 2 was to determine if AF mediates the relationship between immersive virtual reality (VR) technology and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)/enjoyment during an exercise session. Methods: In Study 1, a sample of group fitness participants (n=31) completed one traditional cycling class in which only audio cues were presented (AUD) and one video-enhanced immersive cycling class (IMM) in which a combination of music and video images was presented. After each cycling session, participants complete a brief survey that asked them to rate their perceived exertion, AF, and enjoyment of the exercise sessions. In Study 2, additional study volunteers (n=84) were randomly assigned to complete either an audio-only cycling class or an immersive VR-enhanced cycling class in which a combination of music and video images was presented. After cessation of the exercise session, participants completed a brief survey regarding their experiences in which they reported their recalled, in-task AF, RPE, and level of exercise enjoyment. Results: Study 1 leveraged Latent profile analysis (LPA) which indicated three, distinct classes could be drawn from the sample of 31 group fitness participants. These classes were classified as Low Heart Rate (HR) Dissociator, High HR Dissociator, and Associator. Results of Study 2 indicated AF did not act as a mediator relating immersive technology with RPE and exercise enjoyment (n=84). Additionally in Study 2, experimental condition did not have a significant influence on AF, RPE, or enjoyment directly, however, post-hoc, exploratory analyses revealed that average heart rate and time spent working in a moderate to vigorous heart rate zone (i.e., time spent at 70% or greater of age calculated heart rate maximum) were significantly greater in the immersive video enhanced condition than the audio only. Conclusions: Study 1 expands on the extant literature by elucidating the different attentional focus techniques used by different groups of exercisers and the varying response patterns of these sub-groups on commonly assessed exercise experience variables. Study 1 demonstrates the need for a deeper exploration of how individual characteristics differentially impact the exercise experience and how emerging analytical techniques can be employed to create more targeted interventions. Study 2 suggests that although AF was not a mediator relating immersive technology to RPE and exercise enjoyment, this technology does seem to exert a beneficial influence on the exercise experience as evidenced by the increased work rate found in this study. The results of Study 2 suggest future research should seek to identify other causal mechanisms that explain how immersive technology exerts its beneficial influence on the exercise experience.
- ItemOpen AccessThe influence of trust, self-confidence and task difficulty on automation use(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Patton, Colleen E., author; Clegg, Benjamin, advisor; Wickens, Christopher, committee member; Fisher, Gwen, committee member; Ortega, Francisco, committee memberAutomation can be introduced statically or dynamically to help humans perform tasks. Static automation includes always-present automation types, whereas in dynamic automation, the presence of automation is controlled by another source, typically a human. In static automation, trust, automation accuracy, task difficulty and prior experience with the automation all contribute to the human dependence on the automation. In the dynamic literature however, a small body of research suggests that accuracy and task difficulty do not impact the decision to use automation, but a combination of trust and self-confidence does. The difference between the influence (or lack thereof) of task difficulty in static and dynamic automation is unusual, and prior literature does not make a strong case as to why this difference exists. Through three experiments, the influences of task difficulty, prior experience, trust, self-confidence, and their interactions are investigated. Experiment 1 used a dual task warehouse management paradigm with a lower-workload and higher-workload version of the task. Results indicated that trust-self-confidence difference was related to automation use, such that higher trust and lower self-confidence led to more use. Additionally, the difficulty manipulation did not have an impact on automation use, but self-confidence did not change across the two levels of difficulty. Experiment 2 investigated four levels of difficulty through a dynamic decision making task with participants detecting hostile ships. There was a difference in automation use at the easiest and most difficult levels, indicating that if the task difficulty difference is salient enough, it may influence automation use. The trust-self-confidence relationship was also present here, but these measures were only collected at the end of the task so their influence across the difficulty levels could not be measured. Experiment 3 used the same paradigm as Experiment 2 to investigate how perceived difficulty, as compared to objective difficulty, influences automation use. Results indicated that perceived workload influenced automation use, as did the change the trust-self-confidence difference. The findings of these experiments provide insight into how trust and self-confidence interact to influence the choice to use automation and provide novel evidence for the importance of workload in discretionary automation use decisions. This suggests the importance of consideration of human operator perceptions and beliefs about a system and of themselves when considering how often automation will be used. These findings create a foundation for a model of influences on automation use.
- ItemOpen AccessIs judgment reactivity really about the judgment?(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Myers, Sarah J., author; Rhodes, Matthew, advisor; Cleary, Anne, committee member; Fisher, Gwen, committee member; Folkestad, James, committee memberA common research tool used to measure one's understanding of their own learning is to collect judgments of learning (JOLs), whereby participants indicate how likely they are to remember information on a later test. Importantly, recent work has demonstrated that soliciting JOLs can impact true learning and memory, referred to as JOL reactivity. However, the underlying cognitive processes that are impacted when learners make JOLs and that lead to later reactivity effects are not yet well-understood. To better elucidate the mechanisms that drive JOL reactivity, I examined how changing the method of soliciting JOLs impacts reactivity. In Experiment 1, I manipulated how long participants had to make their JOLs; in Experiment 2, I compared JOLs made on a percentage scale versus a binary (yes/no) scale; and in Experiment 3 participants were required to explain why they made some of their JOLs. Judgments that require or allow for more in-depth processing (i.e., longer time in Experiment 1, percentage scales in Experiment 2, explaining in Experiment 3) should require more effort from participants to make their judgments. If these more effortful judgments lead to larger reactivity effects, it would suggest that reactivity is driven by processes that occur when making JOLs. However, findings from the experiments did not support this account. Although some differences in reactivity effects were seen after making binary and explaining JOLs compared to percentage JOLs, the hypothesis that more cognitive effort would result in stronger reactivity was not supported. Therefore, results suggest that the mere presence of JOLs during study may cause a general shift in participants' learning approach, resulting in later JOL reactivity.
- ItemOpen AccessLetter matching in word familiarity: comparing slot specific, relative position, and overlap coding approaches(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Huebert, Andrew M., author; Cleary, Anne M., advisor; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Graham, Daniel, committee member; Marques, Luciana, committee memberFamiliarity detection is the sense that something has been encountered before, without being able to recall specifics of the encounter. Viewed as a separable process from recalling specifics, a growing body of research suggests that familiarity detection is an important cognitive process for a variety of reasons. Familiarity detection is thought to be driven by an overlap in features between stimuli stored in memory and a current stimulus. Research on familiarity detection suggests that letters are one significant contributing feature to word familiarity. An unexamined question is the extent to which letter overlap needs to occur in the same positions between existing memory representations and the current stimulus. Research on reading suggests that letters do not need to be in the exact correct location for lexical access to occur, with different theories specifying different constraints. One theory is that letter position is coded in terms of relativity; another is that letter position is coded in terms of general location with flexibility. For this dissertation, I conducted two experiments investigating how letter position processing might operate in word recognition without identification, which is thought to be a metric of familiarity detection. The results were consistent with letters being matched in terms of general location. Letters that were out of position that also did not maintain relativity still contributed to word recognition without identification to the same extent as letters in position. Implications for the mechanism behind feature matching are discussed.
- ItemOpen AccessExamining the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon with scalar judgments(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Claxton, Alexander B., author; Cleary, Anne, advisor; Davalos, Deanna, committee member; Rhodes, Matthew, committee member; Davies, Patricia, committee memberThe Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) state, which is the feeling of being on the verge of retrieving a word that is as of yet unretrieved, occupies a space between a lack of recall and successful recall. Recent work has found that when someone experiences a TOT state they are more likely to attribute fluent characteristics to the sought after item. The present study sought to explore whether this TOT heuristic was driven by attribution of fluency and what, if any, relationship exists between the TOT heuristic and the subjective intensity of a given TOT state. Initial experiments were able to identify the TOT heuristic with both a binary and scalar TOT rating, but did not find any impact of objective fluency on the TOT heuristic. Follow-up experiments expanded on these findings by utilizing both a scalar (1 to 10 intensity rating) and binary (yes or no) TOT rating. A positive relationship between TOT magnitude ratings and the TOT heuristic was identified. This relationship was significant for both ratings of whether an item had been previously presented and font color ratings.