1950-1979

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https://hdl.handle.net/10217/100535

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Open Access
A comparison of two methods of selecting and packing cut carnations - a cost analysis
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1959) Heinzelman, John Logan, author
Open Access
A study of the factors affecting the reserve food supply in carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1953) Odom, Richard E., author
Open Access
An economic analysis of the carnation industry in the United States
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1966) Besemer, Seward Thayer, author
An economic analysis of the carnation industry in the United States was conducted by mail questionnaires surveying growers, shippers, and wholesalers. Production costs, total revenues, investments, types of greenhouses, methods of financing, plant densities, flower yields, management and other cultural problems, and climatic factors were determined for seven production areas. Western production areas, such as California and Colorado were shown to have the advantages of higher production, producing at relatively less cost per unit, and capabilities of supplying all national markets by fast air and truck freight. Older established eastern areas were shown to be stabilizing or decreasing carnation production because of western area competitive advantages and improved transportation. A general flow pattern of carnations during seasons of the year was determined between production areas and market areas. The western production areas supply the main volume of carnations sold in all sections of the country, except the Northeast. Shipping prices and wholesale market prices were shown to vary with geographical region, being somewhat lower on the west coast and in the New York area. Essentially, carnation prices appear to be quite stable, there being a winter and spring price and a lower summer price. Problems of the industry, as reported by participants in the survey are many. Predominating was the need for uniform, grading, more consistent supply, less transportation delays, better handling and less storage of flowers for holidays. The need for more economic information for management decision making was emphasized.
Open Access
Basic methods of irrigating greenhouse carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1955) Caparas, Jorge T., author
Open Access
Carnation growth as influenced by temperature adjusted with light intensity and by carbon dioxide
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1962) Korns, Charles H., author
Open Access
Clonal multiplication of carnation by micropropagation
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1975) Davis, Michael Jay, author; Baker, Ralph R., advisor; Nabors, Murray W., committee member; Hanan, Joe J., committee member
Clonal multiplication of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) was accomplished in three stages: (1) shoot tip culture initiation, (2) shoot multiplication , and (3) rooting stages . Shoot tips approximately 1 mm in height, as used in the micropropagation of pathogen-free plants, were grown on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium with 10 μM kinetin and 1 μM NAA. This solidified medium supported rapid growth of morphologically normal shoots, while counteracting apical dominance. It was selected after comparing various inorganic salt mixtures, vitamin mixtures , carbohydrates, growth regulators , and additional supplements for their effect on shoot tip growth. After 3 to 4 wk in the initiation stage, proliferated shoot tip cultures were transferred to the multiplication stage. They were each grown in separate flasks containing the same medium as in the previous stage but without agar and with one fourth the concentration of NAA and kinetin. The flasks were attached to an auxophyton and revolved horizontally at 1 rpm. Growth of axillary shoots was enhanced in this stage , and shoot tip cultures, usually with two or three shoots over 2 cm in length at the beginning of this stage, consistently produced more than 10 shoots of similar length in another 3 wk. Plantlets were obtained by rooting the individual shoots from the multiplication stage. In the rooting stage conventional techniques for rooting carnation cuttings were applicable. BR-8 synthetic soil blocks and Jiffy-7 expandable peat pellets were used as supports for root initiation and development. These rooting supports increased survival of plantlets over other types of media conventionally used in propagation. Micropropagation by the method developed in this research produced some abnormal plants, and selection for plants with desired characteristics may be necessary. Incorporation of this method into a pathogen-free stock program might prove beneficial if large scale use of it is limited by economic considerations.
Open Access
Effect of ethylene on carnation growth
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1974-06) Piersol, John R., author; Hanan, Joe J., advisor; Holley, W. D., committee member; Ross, Cleon, committee member
Carnation flowers are susceptible to damage when exposed to rather low ethylene dosages. This research confirmed that ethylene also affects the growth of the carnation plant. Severe growth reduction occurred when plants were treated continuously with 100 ppb, 300 ppb, and 500 ppb C2H4. Plants treated with the same concentrations for shorter periods showed less damage. Ethylene treatment at different growth stages produced varying plant responses. Plants treated during rapid growth stages (e.g. "rapid elongation" and "bud initiation") were more susceptible to ethylene than were plants treated at stages of relatively less rapid growth (e.g. after pinching and after planting). It was suggested that low ethylene levels for prolonged periods could result in serious growth reduction. Ethylene levels in most urban areas are high enough to warrant concern by growers in such areas. Ambient ethylene levels in the Denver Metropolitan area may cause more stem shortening than was previously thought. A grower should consider ambient C2H4 levels before locating his range in an urban area.
Open Access
Effect of ethylene on carnation keeping life
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1972-05) Barden, Laura Elizabeth, author; Hanan, Joe J., advisor; Holley, W. D., committee member; Sutherland, Thomas M., committee member; Workman, Milton, committee member
Carnations are susceptible to flower damage when exposed to relatively low ethylene dosages. Experiments conducted at Colorado State University attempted to determine the effect of the following factors on the susceptibility of cut carnations to ethylene injury: 1) ethylene concentration, 2) length of exposure, 3) exposure temperature, and 4) age of flower. Keeping studies were used to evaluate ethylene-induced injury. Ethylene concentration and length of expo sure were evaluated simultaneously by use of a dosage term, ppb-hours. Keeping life correlated closely with dosages expressed in this manner. Beyond threshold dosage values, keeping life declined as dosage increased. Increasing the exposure temperature decreased both threshold dosage values and dosages at which keeping life, in relation to control flowers, was reduced to zero. Buds were less susceptible to ethylene injury than open flowers at all exposure temperatures. Sleepiness and subsequent flower collapse characterized severe ethylene injury to open flowers. Outer petal sleepiness and burn characterized severe ethylene injury to buds. Results in this study were comparable with results reported previously in the literature. Bud-cutting and refrigeration of cut flowers were recommended to minimize ethylene injury to carnations.
Open Access
Effect of solar energy on the optimum day temperature for carnation growth
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1960) Manring, Jimmy Darrell, author
Open Access
Effect of sulfur dioxide and high levels of carbon dioxide on carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1965) McKeag, Roderick J., author
Open Access
Effects of glass and fiberglass on carnation growth
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1961) Briggs, Robert A., author
Glass has been used for a greenhouse covering for as long as greenhouses have been built. The growers in these greenhouses have been uneasy about using new materials. When fiberglass plastic was introduced on the market a few years ago, the general conception was that this material reduced the amount of light that the plants would receive, therefore limiting plant growth. But in the last two or three years the interest in this plastic has become more ardent. Research on fiberglass was at a minimum, therefore a project was started to compare fiberglass to glass. The effects on carnation growth of glass, mylar, eskay-lite, velon screen, and 7 colors of Filon 180 corrugated fiberglass paneling in the colors of clear white, frost white, coral, jade, amber, yellow, and a special light purple were measured by young plants grown from June to August, 1959. The clear and coral fiberglass increased growth over glass by 18 and 15 percent, respectively. Three houses were constructed from wood with clear and coral fiberglass coverings, and greenhouse glass. The approximate dimensions were 18 by 15 feet, each house was a complete system with forced air heaters, and air conditioning. They were maintained at the same temperature: 52° F at night, heat to 60° F in day and cool at 65° F. The four varieties of carnations used in this experiment were Red Sim, Pink Mamie, Pikes Peak Frosted and White Sim. They were planted on January 3, 1960, and grown for this experiment until April 1, 1961. Due to gas injury caused by the heating system the results of yield and quality for the coral house and after November 5, 1960, for the clear and glass houses were not included. The flowers were harvested from these houses four times a week. They were graded with the fresh weight of the fancy and standard flowers recorded. Periodic random samples were taken to measure cut flower keeping life, flower volume, and flower color. The clear fiberglass increased yield by 12 percent while significantly improving mean grade. Cut flower keeping life and volume of the cut flowers were the same in all three structures, but flower color was improved by the fiberglass materials. The production of dry matter by young carnation plants over a nine week period was measured. The glass house produced more dry matter which was attributed to higher plant temperature. The solar energy and heat was measured in several ways. The following is some information from these measurements: 1. Clear fiberglass transmitted 12 percent less solar energy than glass when measured by an Epply pyrheliometer. 2. Clear fiberglass reduced energy transmission in the Visible and infra-red regions of the spectrum to 96 percent and coral fiberglass to 83 percent of that coming through glass. 3. The energy transmission in the ultra-violet and visible regions of the spectrum by clear fiberglass was 96 percent and by coral 58 percent of glass. 4. Light transmission from a 6-volt tungsten lamp was 84 percent for glass, 36 percent for clear, and 30 percent for coral. 5. Excess solar heat in the glass house above that required to maintain a 65° F day temperature was 65 percent greater than that in the coral house and 26 percent greater than that in the clear house.
Open Access
Effects on carnation cut flowers of storage with grocery produce
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1953) Wintz, Robert P., author
Open Access
Environmental factors affecting growth of carnation stock plants and cuttings
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1964) Altstadt, Ralph Allen, author
Three major experiments concerning carnation stock plants were designed to determine the highest possible quality of cuttings measured by their performance in terms of the speed, quantity, and quality of first-crop flower production. In experiment I, Pink Mamie stock plants were grown in 4 environmental control chambers set at temperatures of 65, 70, 75, and 80°F, each containing 3 levels of nutrition (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 times the standard feeding rate). All chambers received approximately 525 ppm CO2. Nutrition produced no significant differences in stock plant growth or subsequent performance of cuttings. Each decrease in temperature produced an increase in total fresh weight of cuttings, fresh weight per cutting, and dry weight per cutting, while the opposite trend was noted for per cent dry matter. Yield of cuttings was approximately the same for 65, 70, and 75°F, but a decrease was observed at 80. As plants aged and solar energy increased, the size of cuttings decreased in any given temperature. Cuttings taken from stocks grown at 65 and 70°F produced more first-crop flowers in a shorter period of time and more second-crop potential than those grown at 75 and 80°F. Mean grade was slightly higher for the latter two temperatures. In the second experiment, two studies of stock-plant age were established. The first tested the growth of cuttings taken from stock plants 4 and 18 months of age, with cuttings sized equally by number of expanded leaves. The second tested the growth of cuttings from stock plants 7 and 21 months of age, when cuttings were sized equally by fresh weight. Cuttings from young stock plants in the first study contained more shoots after pinching, grew faster after planting, produced more first-crop flowers of higher mean grade, and had .ore second-crop potential growth. When cuttings contained equal fresh weights, similar trends were observed as formerly, except second-crop potential was equal for both age groups. In experiment III, the growth of cuttings containing 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 leaf-pairs was determined, along with the effects of 2 weight groups within each leaf-pair category. As cutting size increased from 4 through 8 pairs of expanded leaves, less time was required for development of young plants and quality of first-crop flowers increased. Considering the sum of first-crop flowers and buds after harvest, increases were observed as cutting size increased to 6 leaf-pairs, decreased at 7 and reached a high at 8. Generalizations from the entire study are as follows: (1) stocks receiving high levels of nutrition and carbon dioxide, along with cool temperatures, produced the highest quality and quantity of cuttings, (2) the most accurate measurement of cutting quality was fresh weight, and (3) maximum all-around performance was achieved with cuttings containing at least 6 pairs of expanded leaves and weighing at least 10 grams.
Open Access
Harvesting and handling of carnations as tight buds
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1965) Cheng, Le-Hong, 1940-, author
Open Access
Influence of day temperatures on carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1958) Hanan, Joe J., 1931-, author
Open Access
Influence of pre-harvest light, temperature, humidity and soil moisture on cut flower life of carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1959) Fairchild, Arvel H., author
Open Access
Ionic balance and growth of carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1967) Green, James L. (James Lon), author
A flow chart for diagnosing the nutrient status of carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus, was designed using the data from nutrient culture experiments. Diagnostic values for any specific ion were determined after considering the overall organic acid content, (C-A), of the plant and the level of the other ions in the plant tissue. The optimum (C-A) content for the carnation was 1700-1900 milligram equivalents per kilogram dry matter. There was a highly significant correlation between increase in (C-A) content and plant yield. Changes in the (C-A) content with few exceptions were mainly due to changes in the cation (C) concentration of the plant tissue. External factors affected the (C-A) content. Two levels of the external factors, light and CO2, were studied. There was a significant increase in chloride uptake at the higher light level. The total cation, magnesium, nitrate, and (C-A) concentrations in the tissue were significantly increased at the higher CO2 level. Total cation uptake, total (C-A), and yield were increased at the higher CO2 level. There was a decrease in chloride uptake at the higher CO2 level. There were probably three systems operating in cation uptake. 1. When potassium was in, good supply, its presence suppressed the uptake of sodium rather effectively. 2. When the potassium supply was deficient, the four ions K, Nat Ca, and Mg competed for uptake. 3. Magnesium and calcium may have been taken up by a separate system in which they competed equally for uptake. Sodium enhanced the uptake of the other cations. There was no apparent competition among anions for uptake. Sulfate and nitrate remained fairly constant in the plant tissue regardless of nutrient treatment. Phosphate was readily taken up, probably in luxury quantities. The chloride ion apparently was taken up over and above the normal inorganic anion uptake.
Open Access
Rooting of carnation cuttings
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1967-06) Cheever, David William, author; Holley, W. D., advisor; Foskett, Richard L., committee member; Baker, Ralph, committee member
Procedures and materials for rooting carnation cuttings (Dianthus caryophyllus) with intermittent mist were evaluated. Five experiments in a series investigated pH and physical properties of media, medium temperature, mist quantity, foliar feeding, spacing of cuttings, and length of time in the medium. Data were taken on root quality, fresh and dry weight gains during propagation and recovery rate after planting. Rooting ability was closely related to medium pH with an optimum near 7.0 but was not affected by water holding capacity or aeration of the medium tested, Cuttings rooted more rapidly in a 7-3 mixture of perlite and sphagnum peat limed to pH 7.0 and consistently showed greater fresh weight gains after planting when compared to horticultural perlite. Recovery rate was not affected by medium temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°F although the lowest temperature delayed rooting by 8 days. Dry weight gain was greatest for cuttings rooted in a medium temperature of 60°. This may have been a function of time or of reduced respiration. Conditioning of cuttings by providing no mist on the final day in the propagation bench reduced wilting for several days after planting but depressed fresh weight gains during the first month. Heavy mist (1 cm/hour) depressed recovery rate as we 11 as rooting score at close spacings. A 2" spacing was found optimal for subsequent performance with a 7-8 g unrooted cutting. Adequate spacing shortened the time required for root development and was as effective as a conditioning period in the reduction of wilting after planting. Foliar applications of complete nutrient solutions during the latter part of the rooting phase depressed top growth while rooting and had no effect on rooting score or recovery rate.
Open Access
Some effects of temperature on carnation calyx splitting
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1953) Wagner, David Lawrence, author
Open Access
Some of the effects of additions of clay and peat to carnation soils
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1953) Sauer, C. William, author