1950-1979

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Open Access
A comparison of methods for evaluating aggregate stability of mountain soils
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1965) Chunkao, Kasem, 1938-, author; Meiman, James R. (James Richard), advisor; Johnson, Donald D., committee member; Terwilliger, Charles, Jr., committee member
A comparison of three methods -- Middleton dispersion ratio, wet sieving, and waterdrop impact -- of testing aggregate stability was made. Soil samples were selected from 9 sites representing a wide variety of great soil groups in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains at elevations ranging from 5,000 to 11,000 feet. Samples of the top of the A and B horizons were taken. A great variation in stability ranking was found by the different methods. The A and B horizons, although quite different from each other, gave similar responses to the different methods. There was a distinct tendency for the stability rankings of the B horizons to vary less than A horizons, with the different methods. The B horizon was more stable than the A horizon for all soils with the wet sieve test whereas with the waterdrop impact method only one soil had the B horizon more stable than the A horizon; the dispersion ratio test did not detect any significant (5% level) differences between the A and B horizons. The dispersion ratio was the least powerful test in terms of defining differences between soils; the use of 2-3 mm soil instead of <2 mm soil increased the distinguishing power somewhat. The waterdrop impact method was the most powerful test in terms of defining differences between soils. The wet sieve method was intermediate between the dispersion ratio and waterdrop impact methods.
Open Access
A comparison of two methods of selecting and packing cut carnations - a cost analysis
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1959) Heinzelman, John Logan, author
Open Access
A correspondence course on house plants
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1963) Gundell, Herbert Carl, author; Binkley, A. M., advisor
Open Access
A digital model of a stream-aquifer system on the South Platte River near Sterling, Colorado
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1973-06) Olson, Alan F., author; Longenbaugh, R. A., advisor; Sunada, D. K., committee member; McWhorter, D. B., committee member
A digital finite difference groundwater model was developed for a stream-aquifer system in northeastern Colorado. The general mathematical model and computer program used in the study were developed by the Groundwater staff at Colorado State University. The model uses a finite difference approximation of the basic non-linear equation describing transient flow in a saturated porous media. The twenty square mile study area includes a nine mile reach of the South Platte River and a portion of Prewitt Reservoir. Simulated water table elevations were compared with historic water level data for the period of November, 1969 to November, 1971. A satisfactory match of simulated and historic water table elevations was obtained for the second year of analysis. Due to inadequate data on the existing aquifer conditions near the reservoir, problems were encountered in simulating the monthly reservoir seepage. As a result, use of the model is limited to certain conditions of reservoir storage.
Open Access
A method for investigating avian predation on the adult Black Hills beetle
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1963) Stallcup, Patrick Lloyd, author; Baldwin, Paul H., advisor; Wygant, Noel D., committee member; Lechleitner, Robert R., committee member
Procedures for investigating avian predation on the adult Black Hills beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, during the period off light and attack of this insect were developed and tested. Field work was conducted during the months of June, July, and August of 1961 and 1962 in two stands of ponderosa pine of about 50 acres each near Bailey, Park County, Colorado. The density of the population of beetles per 10 acres was computed from average number of beetles found in samples of infested bark. The relative intensity of beetles emerging and flying per day was determined from counts of beetles collected from cages installed on infested trees. Birds were censused along a census transect. The total area censused for each species was calculated and based on the greatest distance of recognition of birds which varied with density of forest and conspicuousness of each species of bird. The average number of birds per 10 acres was computed from 49 censuses taken throughout the summer. During the period of most intense emergence of the Black Hills beetle, birds were collected in an adjacent stand. The collected specimens were classified into feeding-categories and the stomach contents of each member of each category were examined for fragments of Black Hills beetles. Each feeding-category was analyzed as a single entity. The average proportion of fragments of beetles in the food of members of each feeding-category was estimated visually. These proportions were converted to equivalent weights that they constituted of the estimated weights of food consumed by these birds daily. These weights of fragments of beetles were converted to equivalent numbers of beetles. The average number of beetles eaten by members of each feeding-category during the period of most intense emergence of the beetle was computed. This computation was based on the number of birds of each feeding-category censused per 10 acres and the average number of beetles consumed by then. The proportion of the population of beetles consumed by birds was calculated to be 8.5 per cent. The 95 per cent confidence interval of this figure is from zero to 43.3 per cent. Field observations indicated that mortality of the Black Hills beetle during the previous winter was abnormally high. Considering this high winter mortality, the proportion of the population of beetles removed by birds was computed to be 11.6 per cent. The 95 per cent confidence interval on this figure is from zero to 59.5 per cent.
Open Access
A new zero temperature coefficient quartz oscillator plate
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1951) Ives, Walter Richard, Jr., author; Bottom, Virgil E., committee member; Frey, Paul Reheard, committee member; Olsen, Sterling Robertson, 1916-, committee member
To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document. Abstract is at the end of the document, pages 78-89.
Open Access
A simple ice phase parameterization
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1979) Stephens, Mark Argyle, author; Cotton, William R., advisor; Keefe, Thomas J., committee member; Orville, Harold D., committee member
A two variable ice parameterization was developed for use in three dimensional models of cumulonimbus clouds and mesoscale squall lines. Bulk water techniques were employed to simulate the growth and decay of snow crystals and of graupel in order to keep the use of computer resources to a minimum. An externally specified concentration of ice crystals was used to initiate snow. Graupel was assumed to follow the Marshall-Palmer distribution with a constant total concentration. Microphysical growth processes for snow included initiation from the vapor at liquid water saturation, riming, melting, vapor deposition and conversion of rimed crystals into graupel. The graupel microphysical processes that were modeled included raindrop freezing by contact with snow crystals, accretion of raindrops, vapor deposition, riming of cloud droplets and melting. Both types of ice were allowed to precipitate. Sensitivity tests and internal consistency checks on the parameterization were done using a one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model. Results suggested that the parameterization should simulate adequately the ice phase evolution in higher dimensional models. The parameterization is most suitable for modeling studies in which the major emphasis is on exploring the dynamic consequences of the ice phase rather than exploratory studies in cloud microphysics. Several deficiencies of the parameterization were commented on, specifically: the use of an externally specified snow concentration and its influence on the conversion of snow into graupel. Comments were also made on how local changes in the snow concentration brought about by seeding, ice multiplication and aggregation could be handled in' higher dimensional models.
Open Access
A study of factors influential in the skinning of potatoes
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1952-06) Gregory, Jimmie S., author; Binkley, A. M., advisor; Kunkel, Robert, committee member; Fults, Jess L., committee member
Open Access
A study of the factors affecting the reserve food supply in carnations
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1953) Odom, Richard E., author
Open Access
A system for detecting fluorescent tracers in streamflow
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1970) Steppuhn, Harold Wolfgang, author; Meiman, James R. (James Richard), advisor; Dils, Robert E., committee member; Harris, David V., committee member; Johnson, Gestur, 1910, committee member; Duke, Harold R. (Harold Ray), 1940-, committee member
A system is developed capable of continuously monitoring the relative concentration of a fluorescent tracer in streamflow. Streamside instrumentation automatically registers stream-borne tracer concentrations as a function of time on a gelatin-coated film. The film is routed through a device which passes a continuous sample-aliquot diverted from the tracer-dosed stream over a small segment of the film. The "exposed" film is periodically gathered from stream sites and analyzed in a laboratory-based fluorometer. Utility of the system is studied for the gaging of streamflow to produce a hydrograph, to measure stream discharge instantaneously, and to determine time-of-stream-travel. Hydrographs resulting from 640 hours of gaging two Colorado mountain streams with the system are compared to those obtained from closely located sharp-crested weirs. The maximum instantaneous deviation between hydrographs reaches 10% and average absolute departure equals 1.8%, while algebraic departure averages +0.3%. The practicality of using this system to obtain time-of-stream travels is demonstrated for five Colorado mountain streams. A total of 62 traveling tracer-clouds are registered on gelatin-coated film, from which time-of-stream-travels are determined. Processes involved in the system and factors affecting its precision are investigated. Theoretical and experimental evidence strongly indicates that the bulk of tracer uptake by gelatin follows processes that are physical rather than chemical in nature. Stream temperature changes and duration of film-tracer contact are the two most important factors affecting precision of the system. Neither major factor caused any unsolvable problem when field operations were standardized. The system will have utility in operations where an expensive, temperature-sensitive fluorometer can not be stationed stream-side, and where the particular objectives of stream measurements do not justify the cost of conventional techniques, but where fair accuracy and continuous records of short to moderate duration are desired.
Open Access
A theoretical investigation of convective patterns in the lee of the Colorado Rockies
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1970-03) Dirks, Richard A., author; Reiter, Elmar R., advisor; Grant, Lewis, committee member; Gray, William, committee member; Morel-Seytoux, Hubert, committee member
The western Great Plains are observed to be the formation region for many of the summer convective systems in the central United States. Convective activity is greatly reduced in the immediate lee of the Colorado and New Mexico Rockies while it is intensified about a hundred kilometers eastward. An explanation of these observed convective patterns is proposed on the basis of a regional scale Rocky Mountains-Great Plains circulation system. A two-dimensional numerical model of a large scale mountain-plain circulation is presented which includes the effect of a slightly sloping plain. The equations are integrated over periods of two to eight hours for various initial conditions of thermal stability and ambient wind. An increase in thermal stability is found to suppress the developing circulation while the circulation is enhanced by an ambient shearing wind. Typical observed stability and ambient wind fields yield an interacting two cell circulation with a strong cell over the mountain slope and a weaker cell over the plain. The resulting airflow is characterized by strong descent (m sec -1) in the immediate lee of the mountains and weak ascent (cm sec -1) in a broad region 100 to 300 km leeward. An investigation of contributing factors reveals the effect of the plain slope to be a primary cause of the ascending flow over the plain. The flow patterns which develop correspond well with observed diurnal oscillations in upper wind profiles over the plains with regard to velocity magnitude, time of reversal, and depth of flow. The dynamic effects of the circulation are found to be of sufficient magnitude to control convective activity. The spatial distribution of the dynamic effects is also in general agreement with observations of related convective activity. Nocturnal cooling reverses the circulation around "sunset" and results in ascending flow in the near lee of the mountains. This compares favorably with observed convective activity in that region. An examination of orographic waves and other plausible mechanisms finds that these are not generally applicable over the wide range of observed conditions. This restriction does not apply to the Rocky Mountains-Great Plains circulation system.
Open Access
Absorption of atmospheric ozone in the .3 micron region at Fort Collins
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1964-02) Wilsey, Neal David, author
Open Access
Acoustic scattering by fluid spheres
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1962) Frey, Harlan Glen, author; Weber, Louis R., advisor; Hadley, Lawrence N., committee member; Wilcox, Ralph M., committee member; Niemann, Ralph H., committee member; Faris, John J., committee member
The problem of scattering of acoustic waves and pulses by an elastic sphere embedded in an infinite elastic medium is investigated for the case where the two media are very similar acoustically. This physical situation allows functions with arguments involving the acoustic parameters inside the sphere to be expanded in a Taylor series involving the acoustic parameters outside the sphere. Using only the first order terms in this expansion, the solution for plane wave conditions in the back-scattered direction is much simpler than the exact solution. This allows the solutions for the scattering of acoustic pulses to be calculated. The steady state solutions are compared with those obtained using the Born approximation, and are found to differ only in the algebraic sign of the difference in density of the two media; although they agree with the results obtained by Rayleigh in the proper limit. It is also found that the Born approximation differs from the results obtained by Rayleigh again only in the algebraic sign of the difference in density of the two media.
Open Access
Alpine surface soil movement
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1969) Zoghet, Mouine Fahed, author; Dils, Robert E., advisor; Mogren, Edwin W., committee member; Whicker, F. Ward, committee member; Danielson, Robert E., committee member; Striffler, William D. (William David), committee member
During 1967 and 1968 a study was conducted to determine the rate and type of alpine surface soil movement in the vicinity of Crown Point, Roosevelt National Forest in northcentral Colorado. Five different colors of fluorescent pigments were used successfully to index the movement of soil particles quantitatively and qualitatively. Sediment was collected from 32 micro-runoff collectors over the w inter and snowmelt period of 1968, and over the summer period of the same year. Rates and patterns of actual soil particle movement were obtained from 15 transects (each about 15 meters long), representing the different site characteristics. Results indicated that creep erosion was the most important mechanism of soil movement in the alpine. On sites exposed to wind action, wind erosion was responsible for movement of soil particles less than 2 mm in size. Snow deposition, frost, rain-drops, wind, grazing, slope, vegetation and microtopography were the most important factors in accounting for surface soil movement in this alpine area.
Open Access
Aluminum sculpture: assemblage compositions in full mold sand casting
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1979) Stroh, Dennis Lee, author; Berland, John C., advisor; Wassell, Harold J., committee member; Twarogowski, Leroy A., committee member; McBride, William G., committee member
These works attempt to convey visual situations that are disquieting in their exploration of space, visually unstable through apparent tenuous balance, or fragile in quality. The aspects of potential change and fragility are in contrast to the feeling that cast metal is stable and structural. These pieces explore the relationships of frameworks placed one in front of another to achieve simultaneous viewing of several parts of the piece. This situation invites the viewer to participate in the piece, to walk around it, and experience the change in shapes and their visual relationship to one another. The parts of these works are a result of selection and shaping of rigid polystyrene packing materials. The assembled whole is a result of intuitive interaction between artist and shapes. The pieces, thus, are predetermined as to shape and shape relationships; however, the casting process, through warpage and surface distortion, can change the end result. The surface and shape changes that occur promote a feeling of rawness which is accepted or promoted by the finish. The finish also enforces the idea of parts and their relationships. The final sculpture, due to the manner by which the shapes were determined and the changes that occur because of the casting process, is affected, at least to some degree, by chance.
Open Access
Amplification of intimate impressions of nature through the flower
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1979) Vogt, Alice Kurtz, author; Dietemann, David L., advisor; Yust, Dave, 1939-, committee member; Orman, Jack L., committee member; Cody, Bruce, committee member; Twarogowski, Leroy A., committee member; Findlay, Gilbert P., committee member
There is a line of continuity in nature. This continuity is made up of cadence, a rise and fall of intensity, and rhythm, a certain relativity of proportion. I am using cadence and rhythm as concepts, and by applying the abstraction of nature to them, the basis for my personal statement in painting is formed. The flower is my chosen image. Its life is short, it is delicate and it suggests animated form. By magnifying the flower and using it as the skeletal framework, the elements of form, line and color portray its exclusive spirit. The essence of the spirit is defined as it is placed in two dimensional compositional space by form that is surrounded by interchangeable depth.
Open Access
An age estimation technique and some normal blood values for mountain lions (Felis concolor)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1979) Currier, Mary Jean Pfile, author; Russell, Kenneth R., advisor; Bowling, Rodney A., committee member; Nagy, Julius G., committee member; Schooenveld, Gene D., committee member
The objectives of this study were: (1) to devise a method for estimating the ages of individual, wild-caught mountain lions, (2) to identify the normal ranges of various physiological and morphological parameters in the mountain lions, and (3) to determine whether differences in the physiological and morphological parameters measured exist between wild-caught mountain lions captured in south-central Colorado and captive lions in other areas. The age-estimation formula developed for females included the following blood parameters: globulins, blood urea nitrogen, total proteins, percentage monocytes, and zinc; and morphological measurements: gum line recession from the premolars and rear tarsal length. The age-estimation formula developed for males included the following blood parameters: globulins, alkaline phosphatases, and percentage neutrophils; and morphological measurements: gum line recession from the upper canine and total body length. Both formulas had an r2 of about 0.80. Blood, hair, and vibrissae samples; and tooth and body measurements were taken from 46 captive and 31 free-ranging mountain lions. Eight animals were sampled each year for three years, 22 for two years, and 50 only once, for a total of 52 female and 34 male captive lion samplings, and 21 female and 11 male wild lion samplings. The blood samples were evaluated for hematocrit, amount of zinc in the plasma, 18 serum parameters, and white blood cell differentials. The hair and vibrissae samples were stretched until they broke to measure elasticity. Two upper and two lower teeth were measured for gum line recession and measurements of six body characteristics were made. Normal (mean) values and 95 percent confidence intervals for all 38 parameters were determined. The entire 118 samplings were divided into several sets of subgroups and selectively tested for significant differences (P ≤ 0.10) in each of the 38 parameters. Three male mountain lions were raised from age 3 weeks. Eighteen summer and 17 winter blood samples were taken and tested for summer-winter differences. Ten blood and two morphological parameters were significantly different between the wild, and captive, non-kitten mountain lions. Two blood and five morphological parameters were significantly different between female, and male, non-kitten mountain lions. Eight blood and all morphological parameters were significantly different between wild kittens and wild non-kittens. Six blood parameters were significantly different between summer and winter blood collections. Twenty-six parameters (the 12 determined to be significantly different between wild and captive lions were omitted) were initially evaluated for the development of the age-estimation formulas with multiple regression analysis. Of the eight blood parameters found to be significantly different between wild kittens and wild non-kittens, two were included in the female age-estimation formula and three in the male age estimation formula. Winter-summer significant differences were probably not seasonal differences, but for the most part due only to restraint or method of immobilization.
Open Access
An economic analysis of the carnation industry in the United States
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1966) Besemer, Seward Thayer, author
An economic analysis of the carnation industry in the United States was conducted by mail questionnaires surveying growers, shippers, and wholesalers. Production costs, total revenues, investments, types of greenhouses, methods of financing, plant densities, flower yields, management and other cultural problems, and climatic factors were determined for seven production areas. Western production areas, such as California and Colorado were shown to have the advantages of higher production, producing at relatively less cost per unit, and capabilities of supplying all national markets by fast air and truck freight. Older established eastern areas were shown to be stabilizing or decreasing carnation production because of western area competitive advantages and improved transportation. A general flow pattern of carnations during seasons of the year was determined between production areas and market areas. The western production areas supply the main volume of carnations sold in all sections of the country, except the Northeast. Shipping prices and wholesale market prices were shown to vary with geographical region, being somewhat lower on the west coast and in the New York area. Essentially, carnation prices appear to be quite stable, there being a winter and spring price and a lower summer price. Problems of the industry, as reported by participants in the survey are many. Predominating was the need for uniform, grading, more consistent supply, less transportation delays, better handling and less storage of flowers for holidays. The need for more economic information for management decision making was emphasized.
Open Access
An evaluation of a bioassay method for thyroid stimulating hormone and its application to Citellus richardsoni
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1965) deGraw, William A., author
An in vitro bioassay for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) based upon the TSH-stimulated release of I131 was evaluated. Significant error was not introduced by the method of pipetting aliquots of incubation medium in order to estimate I131 activity. Incubation times for uptake and release agree with those suggested by Bottari's group. While per cent uptake and absolute release of I131 were significantly related to the weight of tissue incubated, per cent release was not, and weighing of tissue before incubation was not necessary. It was found that storage of TSH in plasma at -10° C did not preserve TSH activity, thus fresh samples were used. U.S.P. reference standard TSH was quantitatively recovered from horse serum, rat plasma, and Richardson ground squirrel plasma, with no apparent inhibition and with the linear range of the log-dose response lying between 5--200 ImU/100 mI. Assay results are reported for male Holtzman strain rats. C. richardsoni plasma from summer and winter squirrels and one spring squirrel was assayed with the following results which support indirect findings of other investigators: summer, 34 ImU/100 ml; winter, 4 ImU/100 ml; spring, 116 ImU/100 mI.
Open Access
Application of automatic monitors for state water quality surveillance
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1972-08) Sylvester, Marc, author; Ward, Robert C., advisor; Skogerboe, Gaylord V., committee member; Reed, Edward B., committee member; Wilber, Charles G., committee member
Field use of automatic water quality monitors began during the mid 1950's. Experience gained since that time has revealed that the best application of automatic monitors is to supplement grab sampling surveillance systems. When employed on a real-time basis using telemetry and computer processing of collected data, automatic monitors are capable of satisfying the abatement objectives of state water quality management agencies. Presently, only five reliable sensors (DO, T, pH, Cond, and Turb) are available. With this limitation, automatic monitors are not presently able to provide 100 percent pollution event detection effectiveness. However, the present state-of-the-art on sensor detection ability indicates that a detection effectiveness of greater than 50 percent is possible using DO, T, pH, Cond, and Turb sensors. With this detection capability the abatement objectives of a state water quality management agency can be fulfilled by designing an automatic monitoring system which will optimize traceability (the accuracy and expediency with which a pollution event can be traced). The network of automatic monitoring stations which optimizes traceability is called the effective primary network. The design procedure developed in this study provides: (1) A quantitative basis for determining the location of effective primary stations and (2) A method of relating abatement effectiveness to the number of effective primary stations. The relationship between cost and number of effective primary stations is developed by computing the cost of automatic monitoring networks (1-30 stations in size) using average costs for purchase price, installation, and first year operation and maintenance expenditures. The cost effectiveness relationship is generated by comparing cost and abatement effectiveness while summing over the number of stations comprising the effective primary network. The cost effectiveness relationship reveals the benefits gained in abatement effectiveness per increment of cost for the acquisition of each effective primary station. A schedule for effective primary station acquisition is also indicated.