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Browsing Theses and Dissertations by Author "Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor"

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    Application of yeast technology in ruminant nutrition
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2009) Swyers, Kelcey L., author; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor
    This research aimed to evaluate two types of yeast technology applications that are commercially available to feed in the diets of beef cattle; these two applications are dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) and yeast culture (YC). First, DDGS were offered as a protein and energy supplement to pregnant range cows to evaluate performance, and nitrogen and trace mineral status of cows and calves (Exp. 1), then YC was fed as a natural alternative to an ionophore to heavy-weight yearling beef steers fed finishing diets consisting of 19.7% DDGS to evaluate growth performance, carcass merit, cost of gain (COG) (Exp. 2), and fecal prevalence of the foodborne pathogen, E. coli O157:H7 (Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, supplementing the diets of pregnant beef cows maintained on dormant winter range with DDGS improved cow performance, had limited impact on nitrogen or mineral status, and was more economical to feed than the control diet (standard range cubes). In Exp. 2, we found that feeding YC may improve carcass characteristics of steers finished at lower end weights, which could result in fewer days on feed; however, there was no advantage on growth performance or COG. Lastly, Exp. 3 indicated that feeding YC decreased, but did not eliminate, fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 upon initial application.
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    Decreasing nitrogen for volatilization in beef feedlot cattle
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Kappen, Maria M., author; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Engle, Terry E., committee member; Ham, Jay M., committee member
    The effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and a steroidal implant (IMP), on whole body N metabolism were evaluated in 24 Hereford x Angus steers (BW 554.4 ± 26.8 kg). The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included: 1) RAC (0.0 or 400 mg×steer-1×d-1) and 2) IMP (0.0 or 200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg of estradiol benzoate). Steers were housed in individual pens and allowed ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experiment. Steers were acclimated to the metabolism barn by bringing in, tying and currying for 12 d before the initiation of the experiment. Once cattle had been implanted for 48 d and had received RAC for 21 d, a nutrient balance study was conducted for 6 d. An IMP x RAC interaction tended (P < 0.09) to exist for DMI. Implanted steers receiving RAC tended to have lower DMI compared to non-IMP steers receiving RAC as well as IMP steers not receiving RAC. N intake (P > 0.11) and fecal N (P > 0.18) were not different due to treatment, yet numerically reflected the trend noted for DMI. Urinary N excretion was decreased by feeding RAC (P < 0.01). There tended (P < 0.08) to be an IMP x RAC interaction for urinary N excretion. Implanted steers receiving RAC tended to have less urinary N than steers receiving an implant only. Similarly, urine urea N excretion was decreased by RAC treatment (P < 0.02) and excretion tended to be decreased in steers that had also received IMP (IMP x RAC interaction; P < 0.07). Overall N retention was not affected by treatment (P > 0.14). These results indicate that urinary N excretion can be reduced by incorporating RAC according to labeled usage during the final phase of the finishing period. However, more studies will be required to elucidate the potential interactions of RAC with implant status and types of implants.
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    Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Arce-Cordero, Jose A., author; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Seidel, George E., committee member; Wagner, John J., committee member
    To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document.
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    Evaluation of ProPath for control of liver abscesses, pulmonary lesions, and heat stress of feedlot beef cattle managed under a natural feeding protocol
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Nelson, William Tyler, author; Wagner, John J, advisor; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member
    Thirty-two pens housing from 249 – 282 beef cattle each were used to evaluate the efficacy of a novel trace mineral source for control of liver abscesses, heat stress, and lung lesions in a feedlot setting. Arrival date and sex were used as blocking factors for a randomized complete block experiment design, with a total of 11 blocks of steers and five blocks of heifers. Trace minerals of interest were Co, Cu, I, Mn, Se, and Zn. The two treatments that were used were: 1) Control (n = 16 pens), with inorganic sources for all trace minerals of interest; and 2) Test (n = 16 pens), with ProPath (Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) used to provide additional AA complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co, and ruminally-protected folic acid to basal control diet. All cattle within both treatments were fed to meet JBS "Aspen Ridge" beef labeling requirements. Cattle were not administered any ionophores, antimicrobials, β-andrenergic agonists, or growth-promoting implants. Cattle identified as sick and pulled from pens for administration of antimicrobials were removed from the study. Cattle were fed for approximately 180d at a commercial feedlot in Eastern Colorado. Liver abscesses were scored using the Elanco Liver Check System (Elanco, Greenfield, IN, USA). Lungs of harvested cattle were evaluated for presence of lesions tags using the system described by Tennant et al (2014). To evaluate heat stress, cattle were observed twice monthly from June – September. Three observations per observation day were made at these times: 1) 0700 – 1000; 2) 1015 – 1315; 3) 1430 – 1700 (all times ± 30 min). Hide temperatures were observed caudal to left glenohumeral joints of 10 black-hided and, when available, 10 non-black-hided animals per pen. Within each pen, surface temperatures were observed at 3 locations on the cement bunk apron and 7 locations on the dirt surface. Temperatures were observed using a Fluke VT04 visual infrared thermometer (Fluke Corporation, Everett, WA, USA). Performance data were collected and evaluated on all cattle. Hide temperatures were greater on black-hided cattle than non-black-hided cattle (P < 0.0001) and on steers than heifers (P < 0.0001). Hide temperatures on Test cattle were greater (P = 0.0008) than temperatures on Control cattle, but this effect was small (0.251o C) and inconsistent across observation days (treatment within date interaction: P < 0.0001). Pen-surface temperatures were greater in Time 2 than Time 1 (P < 0.0001), but not different between Time 2 and Time 3 (P = 0.37). Hide temperatures on all cattle were correlated with pen-surface temperature (R2 = 0.43). There were no differences between treatments for cattle observed open-mouth breathing (OMB, P = 0.22). Percentages of cattle observed OMB was different across all time points (P < 0.01). No differences were observed between sexes in Time A (P = 0.50) or Time B (P = 0.36), but percentages of heifers observed OMB were greater than percentages of steers observed OMB in Time C (P = 0.01; time point-by-sex interaction P < 0.01). There was also a significant time point-by-date interaction (P < 0.01). Based on these data, infrared hide temperature observed caudal to the glenohumeral joint is not likely to be a useful measurement of heat stress. ProPath did not lessen observed incidence of open-mouth breathing compared to inorganic sources of trace minerals in these cattle fed under a natural-feeding protocol. No treatment differences were observed for percent of livers containing any (P = 0.62), A+ (P = 0.14), A (P = 0.88), A- abscesses (P = 0.63). No significant differences were observed for sex for all liver abscesses (P = 0.32), A+ liver abscesses (P = 0.82), A liver abscesses (P = 0.72), or A- liver abscesses (P = 0.18). No treatment differences were observed for percent of cattle with mild (P = 0.64), moderate (P = 0.86), or severe (P = 0.30) pulmonary lesions. For percentage of cattle observed with any lung lesions, no differences were found between treatments (P = 0.51) or between sexes (P = 0.39). A sex-by-treatment interaction was observed for cattle with severe lung lesions (P < 0.01). Control animals achieved higher ADG than Test cattle on both a deads-and fallouts-in (P = 0.01) and deads-and fallouts-out (P = 0.03) basis. Control cattle achieved higher G:F than Test cattle when analyzed on a deads-and fallouts-in basis (P = 0.02), but not on a deads-and fallouts-out basis (P = 0.92). Control cattle achieved greater HCW (P = 0.03), FT (P = 0.04), and marbling score (P = 0.05). No other differences were found in carcass metrics between treatments (P > 0.05).
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    Inclusion of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in finishing ration of feedlot beef cattle
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Lente, Leeroy A., author; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Dillon, Jasmine, committee member; Garry, Franklyn B., committee member
    To assess the effects of Zeolite (ZE, clinoptilolite) inclusion on in vitro rumen fermentation. A modified procedure from Tilley and Terry (1963) was used to determine alfalfa in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in the presence or absence of ZE. Test tubes (n=96) were placed in a 39 °C bath and were blocked based on hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48. Substrate consisted of dried alfalfa grinded through a 1mm screen using a Wily Mill. Treatments consisted of, Control (no ZEl inclusion), and 0.05g ZE, for each 1 gram of alfalfa. After incubation, IVDMD was calculated 24 hours after drying period. Data was analyzed using a randomized block design. The IVDMD was found to be similar across all treatments (P > 0.8464). The IVDMD was significantly different when incubated for the varying lengths of time (P < 0.001). There was an IVDMD of 20.18 ± 2.89 % for the control and 18.07 ± 5.49 % for the ZE at the zero hour. The IVDMD for Control and ZE for 48 hours were 54.30 ± 1.58 % and 53. 48 ± 1.04 % respectively. To predict the IVDMD of the effects of ZE treatment on digestibility over time, the corresponding regression f(x) = 20.60 + 0.421X1 + 0.730X2 with R2 = 0.8464. In conclusion these data demonstrate that inclusion of ZE, does not influence the in vitro digestibility of alfalfa. These data indicate that there is likely very little to no impact on feed digestibility when ZE is included in the ration. To assess the effect of ammonia volatilization from manure, ten Holstein calves were selected and placed in calf hutches to evaluate the effects of zeolite efficacy in reducing ammonia volatilization. Calf hutch was the experimental unit with two treatments being used: 1) Test (n=5) with bedding consisting of zeolite and wood shavings and 2) Control (n=5) with bedding consisting of wood shavings only. Significance was determined using a welch two sample T test with significance being determined at P ≤ 0.05. Prior to calves being placed in calf hutches, bedding was weighed (~ 55.5 lbs./calf hutch) and zeolite was added to test treatment at 5% of bedding weight. Calves were kept in calf hutches for 105 days. Bedding was added (48.2 lbs./calf hutch) 4 times during the experiment after each weather event or if bedding needed to be added as recommended by dairy workers. At the end of the experiment, calves were removed, and all bedding was stripped, weighed (Test: 334.3 lbs/calf hutch, Control: 289.4 lbs/calf hutch) and sub samples were collected. Sub samples were freeze dried at -65 °C util two identical consecutive weights were obtained. Samples were then homogenized and finely ground using a Thomas-Wiley laboratory mill with a 1mm screen. Sample analysis was done by SDK laboratories (Hutchinson, KS 67501) and consisted of total protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and ash. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in concentrations of nitrogen (p = 0.0560), ADF (p = 0.4366), NDF (p = 0.1826), Ash (p = 0.7758), or DM (p = 0.6508). To evaluate the effects of zeolite (clinoptilolite) inclusion on feedlot performance, 320 steers were fed a high concentrate, steam flake corn-based finishing ration for 146d. It is hypothesized that the addition of zeolites to a high concentrate ration in a dose dependent fashion may serve as a buffering agent aiding in the improvement of feedlot performance. Cross bred steers (n = 320, initial BW 401 ± 41kg) were evenly distributed in a randomized block design with 4 treatments of zeolite (0, 0.5, 1, and 2% diet DM). Steers were blocked by weight and assigned to one of the 4 treatments which consisted of 8 pens per treatment with 10 hd per pen. Pen was the experimental unit. Steers were individually weighed on days 0, 21, 49, 77, 105, 138 and 167. Initial pen BW was used as a covariant in the statistical analysis with significance being determined at P ≤ 0.05 and tendency level determined at P ≤ 0.10. The final BW (P ≥ 0.81), total average daily gain (P = 0.76) and feed efficiency (P > 0.68) were found to be similar across treatments. Total dry matter intake was decreased for animals that were fed zeolite at 1% of diet DM (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.40) in mortality and morbidity between treatments. Liver abscess rate was found to be independent (P = 0.54) of treatment. These data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment the addition of zeolite to steam flaked corn-based finishing diets does not impact final body weight, ADG or feed efficiency but decreases DMI of feedlot cattle when zeolites are added to the diet at 1% of diet DM.
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    Management strategies for improved production practices to maximize efficiency associated with livestock production
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Warner, Crystal M., author; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Han, Hyungchul, committee member; Ham, Jay M., committee member
    With the ever-increasing world population of over 7 billion and subsequent increase in urbanization, it is crucial for the livestock sector of agriculture to move in the direction of sustainability. Appropriate changes in production practices ensure adequate production with fewer resources to meet the needs of the consumer. Multiple improvements within various management categories are essential to increase animal efficiency and economic gain, improved utilization of natural resources and reduce resulting environmental impacts. The National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool (NAQSAT), originally launched in 2010, provides its users the ability to qualitatively assess how effectively producers are mitigating harmful air emissions in site-specific beef, dairy, swine, broiler chicken, laying hen and turkey production facilities. The air emissions deemed to be of the greatest concern were odor, particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Eight management categories are considered: animal housing, diet, manure handling, storage and application practices, mortality and road management. The tool enables users to run hypothetical scenarios to identify potential unintended consequences of management modification prior to making costly changes. The NAQSAT has since then been reviewed and updated by experts according to the most up-to-date knowledge and research to create version 2.0. The tool has expanded to include the horse species and air emission nitrous oxide (N2O). Following the implementation of the tool, users are directed to potentially applicable NRCS practices pertinent to their management goals within a given management category/emission of concern. Ideally this will guide users to reformed practices for continued sustainability in today's production environment. In order to accommodate this movement towards sustainability, diet modifications to the typical feedlot diet have been explored; 126 corn fed cross-bred steer calves (initial BW 529.5kg ± 10.7) were supplemented a rumen bypass fat during the last 60 days of the finishing period to evaluate its effects on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and intramuscular fatty acid composition. Steers were blocked by initial, BW 9 head/pen (n = 7 pens / treatment), at the South Eastern Colorado Research Center (SECRC) in Lamar, CO. Pens were randomly assigned one of two treatment groups: 1) a control diet consisting of a regular corn based finishing ration (CON) and 2) rumen bypass fat treatment consisting of the control diet + Megalac-R/head/day (BF). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Animals were fed twice daily at 110% of the previous daily ad libitum intake. Feed bunks were cleaned and orts were collected weekly. Dry matter content was analyzed and diet samples were collected weekly for proximate analysis. Individual live weights were recorded and blood samples were collected on d -54, -10, 27 and 60 and 61. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were assessed (table 2). Initial BW was included in statistical analysis as a covariate. Steers fed the CON diet had a greater level of performance for most of the parameters measured; the CON treatment had greater DMI (10.14kg vs. 8.77kg; P<0.02) and tended to have greater ADG (1.699kg vs. 1.469kg;