The ecological effects of multiple disturbances on subalpine forest structure and recovery in a changing climate
Date
2020
Authors
Schapira, Zoe, author
Stevens-Rumann, Camille, advisor
Hoffman, Chad, committee member
Rocca, Monique, committee member
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Abstract
Due to the shifting global climate, the severity, size, and frequency of climate-driven disturbances are increasing, inevitably causing disturbances to interact in time and space. Bark beetle epidemics and wildfires have historically shaped the disturbance regimes of western North American forests. Their interactive effects on stand dynamics and recovery are inadequately studied in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)- subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) dominant forests; understanding these interactions is imperative to the management and health of forested ecosystems. Tree seedling densities and species composition, surface fuel loading, and stand structure characteristics were compared across 80 sites that experienced either high tree mortality from epidemic spruce beetle outbreaks (>50% affected basal area), high-severity wildfire (>90% tree mortality), post-outbreak high-severity wildfire (1-3 years post-outbreak), or no disturbance (control) in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. The beetle-affected sites span multiple years post-outbreak from 1996-2017, ultimately comprising a chronosequence of beetle-affected stands. Structural changes in subalpine stands following spruce beetle outbreaks include species compositional shifts in overstory trees, and significant increases in fuel loading over time-since-outbreak. Tree seedling densities among outbreak and control sites differ significantly from burned areas, indicating that wildfires override the effects of repeated disturbances on regeneration. While a cursory assessment of post-outbreak regeneration based on height resulted in the appearance of consistent and stable forest recovery, subsequent aging techniques shed additional light on the drivers of subalpine tree establishment. Subalpine tree regeneration may remain suppressed in the understory for over a century; post-outbreak recovery dynamics cannot be fully understood through the use of height as a proxy for seedling age. Given the strong correlation between Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir establishment with cool and moist growing conditions, there remains significant uncertainty about post-disturbance recovery and the persistence of spruce-fir forests in a warming and drying world. It is critical to understand post-disturbance fuel dynamics and stand recovery to identify hazards for subsequent fire suppression, implement treatments to enhance forest resilience, and to understand the potential consequences of climate-induced shifts in disturbance regimes on forest health.
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Subject
disturbance ecology
regeneration
wildfire
fuels
bark beetle
subalpine