Contribution of biomass burning to carbonaceous aerosols in Mexico City during May 2013
Date
2014
Authors
Tzompa Sosa, Zitely Asafay, author
Kreidenweis, Sonia M., advisor
Fischer, Emily, committee member
Sullivan, Amy, committee member
Volckens, John, committee member
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Abstract
The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is one of the largest megacities in the world with a population of 20 million people. Anthropogenic emissions have been controlled in past decades; however, emissions transported from outside the basin, such as wildfires and agricultural burning, represent a potentially large contribution to air quality degradation. This study analyzed PM10 filter samples from six different stations located across the MCMA from May, 2013, which represented the month with the most reported fire counts in the region over the last 11 years (2002-2013). Two meteorological regimes were established considering the number of satellite derived fire counts, changes in predominant wind direction, ambient concentrations of CO, PM10 and PM2.5, and precipitation patterns inside MCMA. The filter samples were analyzed for biomass burning tracers including levoglucosan (LEV), water-soluble potassium (WSK+); and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Results of these analyses show that LEV concentrations correlated positively with ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (R2=0.61 and R2=0.46, respectively). Strong correlations were also found between WSOC and LEV (R2=0.94) and between WSK+ and LEV (R2=0.75). An average LEV/WSOC ratio of 0.0147 was estimated for Regime 1 and 0.0062 for Regime 2. Our LEV concentrations and LEV/WSOC ratios are consistent with results found during the MILAGRO campaign (March, 2006). To the best of our knowledge, only total potassium concentrations have been measured in aerosol samples from MCMA. Therefore, this is the first study in MCMA to measure ambient concentrations of WSK+. Analysis of gravimetric mass concentrations showed that PM2.5 accounted for 60% of the PM10 mass concentration with an estimated PM10/PM2.5 ratio of 1.68. Estimates from our laboratory filter sample characterization indicated that we measured 37% of the total PM10 mass concentration. The missing mass is most likely crustal material (soil or dust) and carbonaceous aerosols that were not segregated into WSOC fraction. Assuming that LEV is inert in the atmosphere, the estimated biomass burning contributions to WSOC ranged from 7-23%. When assuming a LEV lifetime of 1.1 to 5 days, the estimated contributions increased on average 80%. Thus, we conclude that biomass burning sources had a large impact on WSOC and PM2.5 during May 2013, potentially explaining up to half of the measured WSOC. Our results indicate that primary emissions from biomass burning sources represent significant contributions to ambient PM. Future studies are needed to improve the emission inventories that are commonly used by decision makers in the MCMA to design air quality policies and emission source controls.
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Subject
air quality
biomass burning
levoglucosan
Mexico City
potassium
water-soluble organic carbon