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Browsing Theses and Dissertations by Subject "copper"

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    Cationic-doping of mayenite electride: synthesis, processing, and effect on thermal stability
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2021) DeBoer, Brodderic, author; Ma, Kaka, advisor; Weinberger, Chris, committee member; Bailey, Travis, committee member; Bandhauer, Todd, committee member
    Mayenite electride is an electrically conductive ceramic developed from its parent phase, oxy-mayenite (12CaO•7Al2O3, commonly referred to as C12A7). C12A7 has a unique unit cell that consists of a positively charged [Ca24Al28O64]4+ framework containing twelve cages and two extra-framework O2- ions located inside two cages. The extra-framework O2- ions can be replaced with electrons when C12A7 is heated in a reducing environment, and those extra-framework electrons act like anions, forming the mayenite electride phase, denoted as C12A7:e- hereafter. The anionic electrons enable peculiar properties of C12A7:e- such as high electrical conductivity and low work function, making it a promising material for field emission devices, thermionic-cooling, and as a hallow cathode for electrical propulsion. Compared to other electride materials such as Ca2N, which barely sustain their electride properties even at ambient conditions, C12A7:e- has been reported to be stable up to 400 °C. This temperature is yet not high enough to enable its applications in the technologies mentioned above. Doped derivatives of C12A7:e- emerged in recent years to improve its electronic properties, mainly electron density and electrical conductivity. However, the effects of doping on the oxidation resistance and thermal stability of C12A7:e- remained unclear. Experimental effort on cationic doping of C12A7:e- was particularly lacking in the literature. Therefore, the goal of this study is two-fold: (1) to develop processing routes for successful cationic doping of C12A7:e-, and (2) to test if cationic doping can improve the thermal stability of C12A7:e-. Copper (Cu) and niobium (Nb) were selected as cationic dopants in this study to elucidate how cationic doping affects the thermal stability of the mayenite electride. First, effort was focused on developing synthesis and processing methods to effectively dope Cu and Nb into C12A7:e-. Three different methods were investigated, including diffusion doping; in conventional furnace or via spark plasma sintering (SPS), single-step in-situ formation via SPS, and a solid-state reaction (SSR) synthesis followed by reduction. The phase constitutions, lattice parameters, and microstructure of the various C12A7:e- samples fabricated via the aforementioned methods were characterized to verify if cationic doping was successfully achieved. Electrical conductivity was measured to verify the electride phase is sustained after the doping. Thermal analysis was performed to determine the thermal stability of the cation-doped C12A7:e- compared to undoped counterparts, including onset temperature and peak temperature of oxidation, oxidation rate, mass gain percentage resulted from oxidation, and any decomposition reaction. The key findings of this study include: (1) both Cu-doping and Nb-doping improved the thermal stability of the C12A7:e- by increasing the onset temperatures of oxidation; (2) Cu-doping was effectively and efficiently achieved via the novel SPS diffusion doping method. SPS diffusion doping of Cu at 800 °C gave rise to a minimum lattice parameter (a = 11.942 Å) of C12A7:e-, the lowest oxidation rate, and the smallest mass gain percent at 1050 °C; (3) Using oxy-mayenite and Nb2O5 as precursor for reaction sintering and in-situ reduction in SPS led to successful Nb-doping into the C12A7:e-. Despite the increased onset oxidation temperature resulted from Nb addition, pest oxidation occurred in Nb-doped C12A7:e- samples, leading to high oxidation rate, high total mass gain percentage, and fracture of the solid samples at temperature above 700 °C. In conclusion, Cu-doping was experimentally proved to be an effective approach to improve the thermal stability of C12A7:e- and meanwhile increase the electrical conductivity.