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Browsing by Author "Rhoades, Chuck, Affiliate, committee member"

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    Integrating basic remote sensing, terrain analysis and geostatistical methods to generate spatially explicate continuous soil attribute maps for Fraser Experimental Forest
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Norman, John Barstow, author; Kelly, Eugene F., advisor; Rhoades, Chuck, Affiliate, committee member; Reich, Robin M., committee member
    Hans Jenny's Factors of Soil Formation, a system of quantitative pedology (1941), concisely summarized and illustrated many of the basic principles of pedology utilized to date (Jenny, 1941). This state factor model became the backbone for soil survey research and production because it proposed that a limited number of environmental factors could largely explain the distribution of soils within and among ecosystems. Advances in soil chemistry, soil physics, soil mineralogy, and soil biology, as well as in the basic sciences have helped increase our fundamental understanding of the spatial distribution of soil. In addition, new tools and new dimensions to the study of soil formation have evolved with the increasing power and utility of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and geostatistical analysis to further quantify the complex spatial relationships of soils and landscapes. These advances have resulted in a new field of study termed pedometrics, which focuses on the application of mathematical and statistical methods for the study of the distribution and evolution of soils. This study implements pedometric principles and methods to develop high resolution and spatially explicate soil attribute maps for Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF) based on simple terrain, remote sensing and geostatistical analyses. The soil attribute models developed for this study provided a continuous representation of soil properties (Total soil depth, A-horizon and O-horizon thickness) at a fine scale (0.001 ha). These spatial models can be used as inputs to hydrological and ecological models to further evaluate the soil's influence on water chemistry and vegetation distributions, and to provide an initial platform for future soil survey activities in FEF. In addition to developing soil attribute surfaces for FEF, I tested the statistical, spatial and cost efficiencies of the Spatially Balances Survey (SBS) design developed to sample soils and inform the geostatistical models for FEF.
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    Is thin and chip an ecologically viable fuels reduction option? Initial results in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Cueno, Katherine L., author; Rocca, Monique E., advisor; Rhoades, Chuck, Affiliate, committee member; Brown, Cynthia, committee member
    Across the dry western forests of the United States, accumulated hazard fuels increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires. Chipping or mastication of mechanically thinned fuels is becoming a common fuels reduction technique that aims to both reduce the risk of catastrophic fire and dispose of non-merchantable thinned material. We conducted an experiment to examine the ecological effects of thinning and chipping in ponderosa pine forests at two National Park Service locations in the Black Hills, South Dakota. By using an unthinned control and a thin-only treatment to compare to thin-chip treatment we were able to separate the effects of thinning from the effects of wood chip application. A greenhouse experiment was used to assess the effects of wood chip depth on seedling emergence and growth of several grass and forb species common to the study sites. Thin-only and thin-chip treatments greatly reduced hazard fuels by lowering pole tree density by 96%. Thinning did not elicit much of an understory response in the first year following treatment, while wood chip application caused slight decreases in understory plant richness and cover. Thin-chip plots had one-third lower graminoid cover than unthinned plots and half the number of annual species richness than thin-only plots. There was no difference in non-native species cover or richness, or in overall plant community composition as a result of treatments. Ponderosa pine germinated equally well in wood chips as in other areas. We observed a small decrease in NO3--N in thin-chip plots at one study site, but no effect at the other site. In the greenhouse, increasing wood chip depth created an increasing barrier to seedling emergence and growth in both grass and forbs. Complete suppression of plant emergence in the greenhouse occurred at wood chip depths ≥ 6 cm and plant biomass was undetectable at wood chip depths ≥ 3 cm. Our initial results suggest that thin-chip is a viable fuels treatment option. Although wood chip application slightly reduced some measures of understory cover and richness, the results we detected were subtle. Future examination will determine if delayed thinning effects reverse the slightly suppressive effects of wood chip application on understory vegetation.