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    Functional methods in outlier detection and concurrent regression
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Creutzinger, Michael L., author; Cooley, Daniel, advisor; Sharp, Julia L., advisor; Koslovsky, Matt, committee member; Liebl, Dominik, committee member; Ortega, Francisco, committee member
    Functional data are data collected on a curve, or surface, over a continuum. The growing presence of high-resolution data has greatly increased the popularity of using and developing methods in functional data analysis (FDA). Functional data may be defined differently from other data structures, but similar ideas apply for these types of data including data exploration, modeling and inference, and post-hoc analyses. The methods presented in this dissertation provide a statistical framework that allows a researcher to carry out an analysis of functional data from "start to finish''. Even with functional data, there is a need to identify outliers prior to conducting statistical analysis procedures. Existing functional data outlier detection methodology requires the use of a functional data depth measure, functional principal components, and/or an outlyingness measure like Stahel-Donoho. Although effective, these functional outlier detection methods may not be easily interpreted. In this dissertation, we propose two new functional outlier detection methods. The first method, Practical Outlier Detection (POD), makes use of ordinary summary statistics (e.g., minimum, maximum, mean, variance, etc). In the second method, we developed a Prediction Band Outlier Detection (PBOD) method that makes use of parametric, simultaneous, prediction bands that meet nominal coverage levels. The two new outlier detection methods were compared to three existing outlier detection methods: MS-Plot, Massive Unsupervised Outlier Detection, and Total Variation Depth. In the simulation results, POD performs as well, or better, than its counterparts in terms of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Similar results were found for PBOD, except for noticeably smaller values of specificity and accuracy than all other methods. Following data exploration and outlier detection, researchers often model their data. In FDA, functional linear regression uses a functional response Yi(t) and scalar and/or functional predictors, Xi(t). A functional concurrent regression model is estimated by regressing Yi on Xi pointwise at each sampling point, t. After estimating a regression model (functional or non-functional), it is common to estimate confidence and prediction intervals for parameter(s), including the conditional mean. A common way to obtain confidence/prediction intervals for simultaneous inference across the sampling domain is to use resampling methods (e.g., bootstrapping or permutation). We propose a new method for estimating parametric, simultaneous confidence and prediction bands for a functional concurrent regression model, without the use of resampling. The method uses Kac-Rice formulas for estimation of a critical value function, which is used with a functional pivot to acquire the simultaneous band. In the results, the proposed method meets nominal coverage levels for both confidence and prediction bands. The method we propose is also substantially faster to compute than methods that require resampling techniques. In linear regression, researchers may also assess if there are influential observations that may impact the estimates and results from the fitted model. Studentized difference in fits (DFFITS), studentized difference in regression coefficient estimates (DFBETAS), and/or Cook's Distance (D) can all be used to identify influential observations. For functional concurrent regression, these measures can be easily computed pointwise for each observation. However, the only current development is to use resampling techniques for estimating a null distribution of the average of each measure. Rather than using the average values and bootstrapping, we propose working with functional DFFITS (DFFITS(t)) directly. We show that if the functional errors are assumed to follow a Gaussian process, DFFITS(t) is distributed uniformly as a scaled Student's t process. Then, we propose using a multivariate Student's t distributional quantile for identifying influential functional observations with DFFITS(t). Our methodology ("Theoretical'') is compared against a competing method that uses a parametric bootstrapping technique ("Bootstrapped'') for estimating the null distribution of the mean absolute value of DFFITS(t). In the simulation and case study results, we find that the Theoretical method greatly reduces the computation time, without much loss in performance as measured by accuracy (ACC), precision (PPV), and Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC), than the Bootstrapped method. Furthermore, the average sensitivity of the Theoretical method is higher in all scenarios than the Bootstrapped method.