Browsing by Author "Koontz, Stephen R., committee member"

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Open Access
An analysis of the dairy industry: regional impacts and rational price formation
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Swanepoel, Graham, author; Hadrich, Joleen, advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; McConnel, Craig, committee member
In the first chapter an Input-Output model was used to estimate the economic contribution of the combined dairy industry to the local Colorado economy. Due to the substantial increase in the dairy industry over the last decade, there was need to quantify the economic role of dairy industry, from dairy producers to dairy processers, and measure the linkages with allied industries in terms of output, value added, and employment contributions. It was estimated that the total economic contribution of the dairy industry exceeded $3 billion in 2012, and accounted for roughly 4,333 jobs. In the chapter two Class III milk futures contracts are examined for the presence of rational price formation due to increasing uncertainty surrounding revenue streams for dairy producers. Presence of rational price formation suggests an efficient market, allowing for increased confidence in the futures market. A system of 12 seemingly unrelated regressions is used to investigate rational price formation. Futures contracts are found to be acting in an allocative capacity from 11 months to 3 months prior to expiration month. In the last 2 months, the forward pricing role is dominant taking into account the supply and demand dynamics in the market. It is found that Class III milk futures play both roles well, indicating that they are efficient in utilizing all information available through the last 12 months of trading.
Open Access
Development of a multi-breed heifer pregnancy genetic evaluation in beef cattle
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Giess, Lane Kurtis, author; Enns, R. Mark, advisor; Speidel, Scott E., advisor; Doyle, S. Patrick, committee member; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member
Heifer fertility represents a primary influence on the profitability of a beef cow-calf enterprise. Reproductive rates determine the number of calves born and thus influence the amount of beef product produced at the commercial level driving income for cow-calf operators. Heifer fertility then is an economically relevant trait, though in most cases pregnancy data are cumbersome, untimely to collect, and are considered a rare phenotype in national cattle evaluations (NCE). Despite this, there are successful examples of existing evaluations for heifer pregnancy (HP) across several beef breed associations. These HP genetic evaluations typically rely on categorical exposure (1 = exposed; 0 = not exposed) and pregnancy outcome (1 = pregnant; 0 = not pregnant) data and involve the use of threshold animal models (TM) to convert these binary observations to an underlying normally distributed range of values known as liabilities. These liabilities are then expressed as a percentage that predicts the likelihood of a bull's daughters becoming pregnant and giving birth as two-year-olds in the form of an expected progeny difference (EPD). However, despite these existing HP genetic evaluations, little improvement in the genetic trends in HP has been observed. Perhaps the reason for meager improvement in genetic trend is seedstock producers are not placing enough emphasis on HP, or with pregnancy rates already at or near 90% there is an assumption there is no need for genetic improvement. Additionally, though TM have been successfully implemented in genetic evaluations of HP, a common challenge with the methodology is the inability to evaluate data from contemporary groups that all have the same observation. Even more important is that TM are not supported in some software used for single-step genomic evaluation, such as BOLT by Theta Solutions. Because of these challenges, this study investigated the development of a multi-breed genetic evaluation for HP by performing a series of HP evaluations using TM, linear animal model (LM), and random regression model (RRM) methods. This study used HP data collected on heifers from 1974 to 2020 provided by the International Genetic Solutions (IGS) genetic evaluation, sourced from 9 partner breed associations. Because each breed organization may have its own nuanced definition of HP or differences in how data are reported, inconsistencies in HP data need to be investigated. For example, the American Simmental Association (ASA) does not have an upload format for producers to report HP data but instead uses a system of logic converting whole herd reporting (WHR) codes into HP phenotypes. The first study described the framework for how the ASA converted productivity, culling, and enrollment codes into HP phenotypes. It then evaluated the relative proportions of reasons why heifers/cows were culled. The proportion of heifers culled due to reproductive failure using this method of establishing HP phenotypes was 14%, which is consistent with the national average. The summary statistics for HP observations were cohesive with other HP observations reported to IGS partner breed organizations. Evaluating the effectiveness of these created phenotypes were investigated in the second study. Using data from the American Gelbvieh Association, the Red Angus Association of America, the North American Limousin Foundation, the American Shorthorn Association, and the Canadian Limousin Association, the second study estimated variance components, breed effects, and heterosis effects using LM and TM evaluation methods. Evaluations of HP were performed first within breed before a multibreed population was developed. The average heritability estimate across evaluations performed on 7 different breed groups for HP using LM methods was 0.026, with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum of 0.084. The average heritability for HP using TM methods was 0.17, with a minimum of 0.07 and a maximum of 0.28. Breed populations were then combined into a single multi-breed population, and the same stepwise procedure of incorporating heterosis and breed effects as fixed effects was used to generate variance components and fixed effect solutions. The heritability estimates in this multi-breed population were 0.023 and 0.088 using LM and TM methods, respectively. Heritability estimates did not change as additional fixed effects of breed and heterosis were fit. There were no statistically meaningful breed effects; however, heterosis results in a 17.2% increase (P<0.05) in the probability of HP when maximum heterosis is achieved. Results from this statistical method suggested that LM and TM may be performing equivalently for estimating HP breeding values in within-breed populations; however, in a multi-breed population, results were inconsistent, suggesting perhaps the model was over-specified with breed effects. These results suggest that LM as the model type within a genetic evaluation may be an alternative evaluation method for HP due to its simplicity, ability to use all available information, and support in modern genetic evaluation software programs. Due to being relatively simple to collect and economically important for beef producers, the third study performed a series of evaluations for age at first calving (AFC), which also served as an important investigation as AFC was a potential age covariate in HP evaluations. Models were implemented using single-breed populations and then combined into a larger multi-breed population so heterosis and breed effects could be estimated. The heritability estimates of AFC for Simmental and Red Angus were 0.19 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.01, respectively. These results demonstrate AFC in days is lowly to moderately heritable. However, when evaluating the genetic trend for both breeds the results seemed incongruous as AFC was sharply increasing over time. Many beef producers mass mate heifers at a single fixed breeding date. As a result, older heifers in a CG will not have the ability to have a younger AFC compared their younger counterparts in the same CG if conception occurs on the same day. To account for this systematic management influence which may be creating a disadvantage in some heifers, age differential (DIFF) was included to account for age differences prior to first exposure and was defined as the difference in days between an individual's birth date and the earliest birth date of an animal in a defined contemporary group. In addition to including DIFF as a fixed effect, accounting for heifer body weight prior to breeding was also considered, and subsequent bivariate animal models of AFC that included yearling weight (YW) were performed. Two bivariate multi-trait animal models for AFC and YW with random additive genetic and residual effects and fixed effects of contemporary group, breed proportion, and retained hybrid vigor were used. When DIFF was not included as a fixed effect, the additive, residual, and phenotypic variances for AFC were 126.1, 456.8, and 582.9 d2, respectively, and the genetic correlation between AFC and YW was 0.36 ± 0.02. When DIFF was included as a fixed effect, the additive, residual, and phenotypic variances for AFC were 10.0, 326.0, and 336.0 d2, respectively. The genetic correlation between AFC and YW was 0.19 ± 0.04. In the absence of DIFF, the heritability estimates for AFC and YW were 0.22 ± 0.01 and 0.44 ± 0.01, respectively, but were 0.03 ± 0.003 and 0.44 ± 0.01 respectively, when DIFF was included. Age differential had a significant effect on AFC at –0.86 (P < 0.0001). The low additive genetic variance of AFC, when accounting for DIFF, suggests that the influence of a female's age going into a fixed breeding date explains much of the variation in AFC. Because of the potential drawbacks associated with LM and TM evaluations of HP, the fourth study investigated alternative definitions of HP using RRM evaluation methods. Two fertility traits evaluated using RRM were proposed; the first being the evaluation of heifer pregnancy by calving week (HPcw), which regresses a binary calving event on the week a heifer calved within her contemporary groups calving window, and the second being the linear evaluation of binary HP which regresses HP on an age covariate such as age at first exposure (AFE) or yearling age (YAGE). In all evaluation methods, Legendre polynomials were used as the base function and observed heritability estimates at different age ranges were transformed from the (co)variances estimated for the intercept and linear term of HPcw or HP. Within the HPcw evaluations, two separate age covariates were proposed as additional fixed effects, with the first being age at first calving (AFC), and the second being AFE. Heritability estimates for HPcw fitting AFC as a fixed effect ranged from 0.39 to 0.56, though this is assuredly from AFC being a biased age estimate. Observed heritability estimates for HPcw across 10 weeks, fitting AFE as a fixed effect ranged from 0.010 to 0.20, which are more realistic and consistent with literature estimates compared to observed HPcw heritability estimates fitting AFC as an age covariate. For the HP evaluation regressing HP on YAGE, heritability estimates ranged from 0.01 to 0.14, suggesting that up to 14% of the variation in HP across ages could be attributed to differences in additive genetics. For the evaluation regressing HP on AFE, heritability estimates were 0 or near zero, so this evaluation method likely requires additional scrutiny. Differences in heifer age covariate and trait definition for the evaluation of HP provided expanded opportunities for the development of national cattle evaluations using RRM. The potential advantages of utilizing RRM in evaluations of categorical or single observation data are that it allows the use of all available data in a dataset and is more adapted to single-step genomic evaluation software systems. Because of this, RRM may be the preferred evaluation method for HP or related fertility traits, though this requires additional testing in global databases. Results from previous studies suggest there are options for evaluating HP in a multi-breed NCE, but no single method is ideal. While LM evaluations validate well, there is low variance in the EBV for the populations evaluated due to low heritability. The TM evaluations validate well and have reasonable predictions, but they cannot appropriately utilize all available data and are not supported by some modern genetic evaluation software programs. The potential of RRM evaluation methods is evident; however, further testing of this methodology must be performed before this approach can be considered.
Open Access
Evaluation of ProPath for control of liver abscesses, pulmonary lesions, and heat stress of feedlot beef cattle managed under a natural feeding protocol
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Nelson, William Tyler, author; Wagner, John J, advisor; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member
Thirty-two pens housing from 249 – 282 beef cattle each were used to evaluate the efficacy of a novel trace mineral source for control of liver abscesses, heat stress, and lung lesions in a feedlot setting. Arrival date and sex were used as blocking factors for a randomized complete block experiment design, with a total of 11 blocks of steers and five blocks of heifers. Trace minerals of interest were Co, Cu, I, Mn, Se, and Zn. The two treatments that were used were: 1) Control (n = 16 pens), with inorganic sources for all trace minerals of interest; and 2) Test (n = 16 pens), with ProPath (Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) used to provide additional AA complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co, and ruminally-protected folic acid to basal control diet. All cattle within both treatments were fed to meet JBS "Aspen Ridge" beef labeling requirements. Cattle were not administered any ionophores, antimicrobials, β-andrenergic agonists, or growth-promoting implants. Cattle identified as sick and pulled from pens for administration of antimicrobials were removed from the study. Cattle were fed for approximately 180d at a commercial feedlot in Eastern Colorado. Liver abscesses were scored using the Elanco Liver Check System (Elanco, Greenfield, IN, USA). Lungs of harvested cattle were evaluated for presence of lesions tags using the system described by Tennant et al (2014). To evaluate heat stress, cattle were observed twice monthly from June – September. Three observations per observation day were made at these times: 1) 0700 – 1000; 2) 1015 – 1315; 3) 1430 – 1700 (all times ± 30 min). Hide temperatures were observed caudal to left glenohumeral joints of 10 black-hided and, when available, 10 non-black-hided animals per pen. Within each pen, surface temperatures were observed at 3 locations on the cement bunk apron and 7 locations on the dirt surface. Temperatures were observed using a Fluke VT04 visual infrared thermometer (Fluke Corporation, Everett, WA, USA). Performance data were collected and evaluated on all cattle. Hide temperatures were greater on black-hided cattle than non-black-hided cattle (P < 0.0001) and on steers than heifers (P < 0.0001). Hide temperatures on Test cattle were greater (P = 0.0008) than temperatures on Control cattle, but this effect was small (0.251o C) and inconsistent across observation days (treatment within date interaction: P < 0.0001). Pen-surface temperatures were greater in Time 2 than Time 1 (P < 0.0001), but not different between Time 2 and Time 3 (P = 0.37). Hide temperatures on all cattle were correlated with pen-surface temperature (R2 = 0.43). There were no differences between treatments for cattle observed open-mouth breathing (OMB, P = 0.22). Percentages of cattle observed OMB was different across all time points (P < 0.01). No differences were observed between sexes in Time A (P = 0.50) or Time B (P = 0.36), but percentages of heifers observed OMB were greater than percentages of steers observed OMB in Time C (P = 0.01; time point-by-sex interaction P < 0.01). There was also a significant time point-by-date interaction (P < 0.01). Based on these data, infrared hide temperature observed caudal to the glenohumeral joint is not likely to be a useful measurement of heat stress. ProPath did not lessen observed incidence of open-mouth breathing compared to inorganic sources of trace minerals in these cattle fed under a natural-feeding protocol. No treatment differences were observed for percent of livers containing any (P = 0.62), A+ (P = 0.14), A (P = 0.88), A- abscesses (P = 0.63). No significant differences were observed for sex for all liver abscesses (P = 0.32), A+ liver abscesses (P = 0.82), A liver abscesses (P = 0.72), or A- liver abscesses (P = 0.18). No treatment differences were observed for percent of cattle with mild (P = 0.64), moderate (P = 0.86), or severe (P = 0.30) pulmonary lesions. For percentage of cattle observed with any lung lesions, no differences were found between treatments (P = 0.51) or between sexes (P = 0.39). A sex-by-treatment interaction was observed for cattle with severe lung lesions (P < 0.01). Control animals achieved higher ADG than Test cattle on both a deads-and fallouts-in (P = 0.01) and deads-and fallouts-out (P = 0.03) basis. Control cattle achieved higher G:F than Test cattle when analyzed on a deads-and fallouts-in basis (P = 0.02), but not on a deads-and fallouts-out basis (P = 0.92). Control cattle achieved greater HCW (P = 0.03), FT (P = 0.04), and marbling score (P = 0.05). No other differences were found in carcass metrics between treatments (P > 0.05).
Open Access
Factors influencing the adoption of best management practices for feedlot ammonia emissions
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2009) Davidson, Carolyn Hathaway, author; Pritchett, James G., advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; Davis, Jessica G., committee member
Gaseous ammonia emissions from feedlot operations pose serious risks to human and ecosystem health. In particular, nitrogen deposition in Colorado's Rocky Mountain National Park may be associated with livestock feeding in the western Corn Belt and Colorado. Feedlot operators can implement a variety of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to reduce ammonia emissions. These BMPs vary in effectiveness, simplicity, managerial time, effort and financial capital. Although the ammonia-mitigating potential of various BMPs is well-researched, little research examines the barriers that prevent feedlot operations from adopting these BMPs. This research uses discrete choice modeling to evaluate factors influencing adoption for the average producer as well as subsets of producers. Explanatory variables include farm characteristics as well as operator perceptions of cost, profitability, ease of adoption, and environmental impact. Size of operation and perception of profitability of a given BMP most impact probability of adoption, indicating that cost-sharing programs may assist adoption.
Open Access
Financing the U.S. deficit: adjustment mechanics between the U.S. and Japan
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2009) Qian, Shenglin, author; Vasudevan, Ramaa, advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; Braunstein, Elissa, committee member
Japan has run a large trade surplus with the U.S. and has financed the U.S. deficit for a long time, so the adjustment mechanism of financial flows between the U.S. and Japan is an important issue. In this paper, in order to investigate the capital flow between Japan and the U.S, I build a VAR model to study the fluctuations of interest rate spread between the U.S. and Japan and international reserve of Japan. The analysis of the Impulse Response Function suggests that the dynamic response to an event, such as the rise of the deficit of the U.S. is such that movements in the international reserve of Japan and the interest rate spread tend to restore equilibrium. To support my conclusion, I use the subset of the sample data to simulate and forecast the real event. The work shows that the model can accurately explain the adjustment process.
Open Access
Forecasting Class III milk prices in a volatile market
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) McGuire, Madilynne, author; Pendell, Dustin L., advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; Hadrich, Joleen, committee member; Wailes, William R., committee member
Repeated experiences of volatility with Class III milk prices have caused many producers, wholesalers, and retailers to avoid risk management decisions involving the Class III milk price; instead market participants realize profits as they occur without managing their financial environment based on their expectations. This research forecasted Class III milk price from August 2012 to July 2014 using data from January 2000 to July 2012. The conclusions of this study found that the unrestricted vector autoregressive model is the best forecast both for ex-post and out-of-sample methods. Additionally, it was determined that the futures prices are not strong reflections of feed costs, although one to four months prior to expiration the futures contract price reflects the current feed costs to some degree. Also six to eight months prior to contract expiration there is little movement in the contract price, and the previous month's price has a large influence on the current month's price during this time. It can be concluded that the futures contract price is largely driven by current market conditions during the remainder of the time prior to contract expiration.
Open Access
Stock market reaction to animal disease outbreaks: an event study in Korean foot-and-mouth disease
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Cho, Chulgu, author; Pendell, Dustin L., advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; Pritchett, James G., committee member; Hine, Susan E., committee member
In Korea, there were five foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks between 2000 and 2010. This study examines the impact of the FMD outbreaks on the stock market value of agribusiness firms in Korea using an event study methodology. Eighteen companies in six different groups (i.e., pork, poultry, seafood, imported meat, feed and vaccine) are analyzed. For each outbreak, single-day abnormal returns and multiple-day cumulative abnormal returns are calculated to test for the existence and magnitude of stock price reactions. In addition, changes in volatility after the outbreaks are computed to examine whether the riskiness of returns change due to the events. The results suggest that the FMD outbreaks caused the stock market to react in both a negative and positive manner to related firms. The 2000 outbreaks had the most distinguishing and consenting results to prior expectations. The 2002 results showed relatively stable changes of returns due to appropriate governmental programs. In the 2010 events, some companies' stock market reactions were unexpected and did not meet our prior expectations as a result of other factors such as market supply and demand conditions and another animal disease. The results also suggest that the stock market reactions were more gradual than instantaneous to the FMD outbreaks. This study observed more meaningful values of multi-day cumulative abnormal returns than single-day abnormal returns and understands that these long-lasting impacts are due to the continuous negative news reaching the stock market as there were multiple confirmed cases in all outbreaks. When an outbreak severely impacted a particular business sector, the accumulations of abnormal returns became substantial. Many companies had significant results that met prior expectations, but some groups did not maintain consistency in their reactions to the events. The pork companies realized a negative reaction in the 2000 and the third 2010 events when the outbreak presented a negative outlook for the swine and pork businesses. The poultry and seafood firms reacted positively when there were no other substantial market threats. The imported meat group showed mixed reactions while the vaccine companies had consistent positive reactions that met prior expectations. The feed companies reacted negatively when the outbreaks substantially damaged the livestock production sites. Volatility of the stock prices after the FMD events increased, with more companies showing significant results in a longer-lasting outbreak. The results imply that managers and shareholders of the affected firms should pay more attention on management of their assets when there is an FMD and other animal disease outbreaks. It also implies that appropriate governmental interventions help mitigate damages on the stock market.
Open Access
The economic impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza on egg production in Minnesota during the 2014 - 2015 outbreak
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Bockelmann, Troy Robert, author; Frasier, W. Marshall, advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; Magzamen, Sheryl, committee member
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) outbreak in the United States affected 48 million domestic poultry birds. Minnesota experienced 101 confirmed detections with the majority in the laying hen and turkey populations. This research employs mathematical programming to estimate individual egg producer net returns above transportation costs for each week of the outbreak period and to aggregate these estimates to an industry-level impact. When there is a detection of HPAI the primary government response is to designate control areas around the infected premises. Within these control areas rules are established for culling of poultry and restricting travel. A three kilometer and a ten kilometer “control area” perimeter are standard guideline practices established by USDA-APHIS. A linear programming model is developed and parameterized to calculate returns under a range of control scenarios in the face of the historical outbreak. By updating and solving the model iteratively to represent adaptation to on outbreak across time, results for each time period computed and compared to a base model that represents an uninfected circumstance. The change in net revenue as compared to the base equilibrium scenario quantify the lost benefits that comprise the economic impacts from HPAI. Overall total industry loss for the 14-week outbreak period ranged from $7 million where three kilometer radius control areas were employed to $10 million a ten kilometer regime. Fourteen percent of producers lost less than $10,000 in revenue and approximately 3 percent of the producers lost revenue greater than $1 million. The increase in transportation costs for the three kilometer control area was approximately $25 and approximately $11,000 for the ten kilometer control areas. Preventing the spread of HPAI is important to society. Measures to prevent disease spread are important and need to be enforced. It is important that these additional avoidance and adaptation costs be considered when determining the best implementation of control measures in the face of a disease outbreak.
Open Access
Three essays on the economics of university knowledge production and commercial innovation: the case of Colorado State University research and technology transfer
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Lee, Yoo Hwan, author; Graff, Gregory D., advisor; Hoag, Dana L. K., advisor; Koontz, Stephen R., committee member; Mushinski, David W., committee member
The central aim of this study is to analyze the research production and R&D activities of Colorado State University (CSU) across its different colleges, departments and other research units, and to evaluate how those activities impact the Colorado economy's agriculturally-related sectors. The study consists of three main chapters, to introduce the dynamics of university knowledge transfer to local agricultural economies. Chapter 1 explores CSU research production and technology-transfer activities, using a unique panel date set for each of 54 academic departments over the period of 1989-2012. In order to estimate the empirical knowledge-production function (KPF), this chapter attempts to build a negative binomial panel regression model with a polynomial distributed lags (PDL) of research expenditures. Three categories of research outputs are modelled, including (1) published journal articles, (2) industry collaboration, and (3) technology transfer mechanisms. In the regression results, publications are clearly the most common research outputs of the university, with a more systematic relationship between research inputs and publications than the other two types of research outputs. Moreover, it appears to exhibit decreasing returns to scale, whereas the collaborative and tech transfer research outputs appear to show increasing returns to scale. In the results of a seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) model among the three different types of research outputs, publications and the tech transfer mediated research outputs are the primary research outputs in the university and have the maximum impact from past research expenditures. Furthermore, results indicate that collaboration mediated outputs are substitutional relative to the more formal tech transfer outputs. Chapter 2 explores the agency of knowledge production, viewing scientific research teams as "quasi-firms" arising as independent knowledge-creating entities within the university context. First, the findings from the ego-centric social network showed that the participation of outside members makes it possible to increase the size of the ego-centric teams and the growth patterns of the percent share are an obvious parallel to the patterns of team size. Particularly, the growth rate of team size is opposite of the percent share of ego's home department co-authors with upward and downward tendencies, respectively. Second, the findings from the regression results showed that the number of CSU departments per team is statistically significant in the team's assembly mechanism for both the article teams and patent teams. Thus, it seems reasonable to conclude that cross-functional team formation is more effective and common in the university research team formation and has a positive impact on the size of research teams. Finally, the quality of research teams' knowledge production tells us that the group with multiple departments per article has a higher research impact than a group using a single department per article. By the same token, larger-sized teams have higher impacts than relatively smaller-sized teams, as well as field variety. The group with multiple references per patent had a higher impact than the groups with a single or no reference per patent. This result tells us that the citation mapping from backward citations to forward citations is a significant factor for testing the research teams' impacts on the economic and social benefits with respect to knowledge spillover. Chapter 3 has focused on CSU's knowledge spillovers within agriculturally related fields and technologies. The findings indicated that academic knowledge spillovers are geographically bounded, but they are not strictly limited to the regional scale. Crucially, the impact of university spillovers on agriculturally-related industries depends upon which type of knowledge dissemination channel is utilized by university researchers. Broadly speaking this chapter evaluates four types of channel—including the publication mechanism, the industry collaboration and extension mechanism, the technology patenting/licensing mechanism, and the venture creation mechanism—each of which are variously adapted to transmitting different degrees of sticky (tacit) versus slippery (codified) knowledge. The results showed that in both aggregate level of technology and six different technological categories, the spillover impacts of journal publications, are rarely localized within Colorado; rather, the geographic scope of these impacts are national and even global. However, the extent to which the spillover impacts of patented knowledge is localized within Colorado is open to question because it is possible to control permissions for use, but at the same time it is impossible to limit everyone’s awareness and use of it, particularly in foreign jurisdictions where patents are not taken out by the university. However, the collaboration mechanism requires closer interaction and greater geographic proximity, which usually prevents global dissemination. Thus, we observe geographic proximity is significantly important for these channels. However, there are even distinctions within these. For example, we find industry coauthorship on articles to be less likely to be localized than privately sponsored grant awards. Nevertheless, the stickiness of these channels might depend also on the different technological categories. As mention as above, the geographic proximity is important only in aggregate level of technology, but it can be varied across the different technological categories, especially the slippery form of knowledge in animal health and nutrition health technology. Finally, university start-ups are highly geographically bounded near universities because in the early stages start-up companies need support from their host university.