Browsing by Author "Grant, Leah D., advisor"

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Open Access
Cold pool propagation and cold pool-land surface interactions
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2025) Falk, Nicholas Michael, author; van den Heever, Susan C., advisor; Grant, Leah D., advisor; Bell, Michael M., committee member; Schumacher, Russ S., committee member; Venayagamoorthy, Subhas K., committee member
Convective cold pools are important components of the Earth system as they influence processes such as deep convective initiation, storm longevity and intensity, surface energy fluxes, and aerosol transport. The overarching goal of the research outlined in this dissertation is to investigate the propagation characteristics of cold pools, as well as the interactions between cold pools and the land surface. The three studies comprising this dissertation use field campaign observations and high-resolution numerical simulations to investigate these cold pool processes. The first study evaluates a popular density current propagation speed equation using a large, novel set of radiosonde and dropsonde observations. First, data from pairs of sondes launched inside and outside of cold pools, along with the theoretical density current propagation speed equation, are used to calculate sonde-based propagation speeds. Second, radar/satellite- based propagation speeds are calculated by manually tracking the propagation of cold pools and correcting for advection due to the background wind. Comparisons of the propagation speeds calculated in these different ways demonstrate that sonde-based and radar- based propagation speeds are strongly correlated for US High Plains cold pools, suggesting the density current propagation speed equation is appropriate for use in midlatitude continental environments. Sonde-based propagation speeds are largely insensitive to how cold pool depth is defined, since the preponderance of negative buoyancy is near the surface in cold pools. Sonde-based propagation speeds can vary by ~300% based on where and when the sondes were launched, suggesting sub-mesoscale variability could have a major influence on cold pool propagation. The impacts of topographic slope on daytime haboob propagation speeds and dust lofting are examined in the second study comprising this dissertation, along with how these impacts are modulated by surface roughness length. A suite of 40 idealized, large-eddy simulations are conducted with varied linear topographic slopes and surface roughness lengths. It is found that on flat ground, greater surface roughness increases drag on haboobs and causes haboobs to dissipate faster, thereby decreasing both haboob propagation speeds and associated dust lofting. As the topographic slope is increased, an upslope anabatic wind forms which causes downslope haboob propagation speeds to decrease and upslope haboob propagation speeds to be mostly unchanged. Anabatic winds act to loft dust as well, leading to increased masses of dust being lofted jointly by the haboob and anabatic wind as topographic slopes are increased. The third study investigates the individual and synergistic impacts of cold pools and land surface heterogeneity on convection initiation. Idealized large eddy simulations of deep convection over the Amazon rainforest are conducted testing realistic and homogenized vegetation, along with realistic and eliminated cold pools. Convection initiation is more frequent over forested than deforested areas due to more favorable thermodynamics. Heterogeneous vegetation aggregates storm initiation locations compared with homogeneous vegetation. Over heterogeneous vegetation, cold pools propagate into deforested regions, thereby initiating storms and disaggregating storm initiation locations. Convection initiation locations are randomly distributed over homogeneous vegetation, with or without cold pools, demonstrating that cold pools have minimal impacts on convection initiation locations over homogeneous vegetation. The findings of this dissertation research shed new light on fundamental cold pool processes and should be helpful for improving the representation of cold pools in forecast and climate models. Several avenues for future research are discussed.
Open Access
Cold pool train dynamics and transport
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Neumaier, Christine Allison, author; van den Heever, Susan C., advisor; Grant, Leah D., advisor; Kreidenweis, Sonia M., committee member; Venayagamoorthy, Subhas K., committee member
Convectively generated cold air outflows, referred to as cold pools, can initiate new convection and loft aerosols, such as dust or pollen. In the BioAerosols and Convective Storms Phase I (BACS-I) field campaign, we observed multiple cold pools passing over the same location on the same day, without colliding, which we refer to as a "cold pool train". The goals of this study are to examine how the dynamics of cold pools in a cold pool train differ, how cold pools in a cold pool train affect the vertical distribution of aerosols, and how the results may change if the properties of the second cold pool change. We utilize idealized simulations of a cold pool train composed of two cold pools to investigate the dynamics of the cold pools in the train and how cold pool trains loft and transport aerosols. We test the sensitivity of the second cold pool's evolution and aerosol lofting to its initial temperature deficit and timing relative to the first cold pool, based on the cold pool trains observed during BACS-I. Passive tracers are initialized at different times to represent the background aerosols present before cold pools, aerosols newly emitted after the passage of the first cold pool in the train, and aerosols within and ahead of each cold pool, to distinguish between how cold pools loft their own air compared to distinct environmental air. We find that the first cold pool (CP1) in the cold pool train stably stratifies the environment ahead of the downshear side of the second cold pool (CP2) in the train. All else equal, this stabilization acts to decrease the height of CP2's head and increase its propagation speed. However, the stratification also increases the horizontal wind shear ahead of CP2 by decreasing the lower level wind speeds, which opposes the stability effects and acts to deepen the head of CP2. In the CONTROL case, where CP2 is initialized two hours after CP1 and with the same temperature deficit as CP1, we find that the wind profile plays a more dominant role for the dynamics of CP2 because overall, CP2's head is deeper and propagates slower compared to CP1. In the temperature deficit sensitivity experiments, we find that CP2's head depth and propagation speed decreases with decreasing temperature deficit. Finally, in the timing sensitivity tests of CP2, we find CP2 initiated 90 minutes after CP1 had the deepest head, while CP2 in the CONTROL (120 minutes) experiment propagated the slowest. Our analysis of the tracer lofting mechanisms in the simulations shows that the downshear leading edge of CP1 lofts the highest concentration of background aerosol, while the downshear leading edge of the CONTROL CP2 lofts less than half of the amount of background aerosol as CP1. However, the downshear leading edge of CP2 lofts more than double the concentration of newly emitted aerosol compared to the background aerosol lofted by CP1. The atmospheric stratification left behind by CP1 acts to trap the newly emitted aerosol near the surface, leading to greater concentrations lofted compared to the background aerosol which is well mixed in the boundary layer. Analysis of the tracers initialized within and ahead of the cold pools demonstrates that the lofted aerosol primarily originates from the air ahead of the cold pools, while the aerosol originating in the cold pools remains trapped within the cold pools. The CONTROL CP2 lofts the most aerosol of the temperature deficit sensitivity tests, and the CONTROL CP2, released the farthest apart temporally from CP1, lofts the most aerosol out of the timing sensitivity tests. Therefore, while the wind profile change ahead of CP2 plays a dominant role in its dynamics, atmospheric static stabilization plays a dominant role for the aerosol concentration lofted by CP2.