Wittemyer, GeorgeDaballen, DavidDouglas-Hamilton, Iain2021-07-082021-07-082021https://hdl.handle.net/10217/232636http://dx.doi.org/10.25675/10217/2326361) File name: Survival; annual survival for females and males by five age classes; data from 1998-2008 represent low human impact (i.e., poaching) years, while 2009-2017 had higher human impacts.; 2) File name: Fecundity; annual fecundity for females organized by five age classes; 3) File name: Sample Size; annual sample sizes for female and male elephant across five age classes including number of known/followed live elephants and number of that cohort that died each year.Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyWarner College of Natural ResourcesDiagnosing age-specific influences on demographic trends and their drivers in at-risk wildlife species can support the development of targeted conservation interventions. Such information also underpins understanding of life history. Here we assess age-specific demography in wild African elephants, a species whose life history is marked by long life and extreme parental investment. During the 20-year study, survival and its variation were similar between adults and juveniles in contrast to relationships found among many large bodied mammals. Prospective analysis on age-specific Leslie matrices for females demonstrated survival is more influential than fecundity on λ, with sensitivity of both decreasing with age. Results aggregated by stage classes indicate young adults (9-18 years) demonstrated the highest elasticity, followed by preparous juveniles (3-8 years). Mature adults (36+ years) had the lowest aggregate elasticity value. Retrospective analysis parameterized by data from the early and latter periods of the study, characterized by low then high human impact (faster and slower growth respectively), demonstrated fecundity (particularly for adults; 19-35 years) explained the greatest variation in λ observed during the period of low human impact, while survival (particularly juvenile and adult) was more influential during the high human impact period. The oldest females (mature adult stage) weakly influenced population growth despite demonstrating the highest fecundity and their behavioral importance in elephant society. Multiple regression models on survival showed the negative effects of human impacts and population size were the strongest correlates across sexes and ages. Annual rainfall, our metric for environmental conditions, was weakly informative. The presence of dependent young was positively correlated with survival for breeding females, suggesting condition-based mortality filtering during pregnancy. Notwithstanding the stabilizing effect of high juvenile survival on elephant population growth, demographic processes in elephants were similar to those shaping life history in other large herbivores. Implications of the study results with respect to the conservation of elephants and analysis of demographic impact of poaching are discussed, along with the study’s relevance to theories regarding the evolution of life history and parental care.ZIPRTFCSVengDatasetThis material is open access and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons CC BY-NC: Attribution + Noncommercial license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).