Theses and Dissertations

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Open Access
A high energy flux state attenuates the weight loss-induced energy gap by acutely decreasing hunger and increasing satiety and resting metabolic rate
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Foright, Rebecca, author; Melby, Chris, advisor; Davalos, Deana, committee member; Wdowik, Melissa, committee member
Introduction: Maintaining weight loss is one of the greatest challenges facing obese dieters. Weight loss-induced, compensatory, biological adjustments increase hunger and decrease resting metabolic rate (RMR), resulting in a disconnect between desired and required calories. This phenomenon, termed the energy gap, results in strong biological pressures that promote weight regain. Previous research in athletes has shown that high levels of physical activity coupled with high energy intake may increase RMR and reduce hunger. It is possible that this high energy flux state characterized by high daily energy expenditure (resulting from increased physical activity) with matching high energy intake (high calorie throughput) may attenuate the weight loss-induced energy gap by reducing hunger and increasing RMR. Methods: This proof-of-concept pilot study utilized a within-subjects cross-over experimental design. Six obese adults [age (x±SD: 42±12 y); BMI=35.7±3.7 kg/m2] underwent baseline measures of body weight, body composition, RMR via indirect calorimetry, fasting and post-prandial perceived hunger via visual analog scales, fasting and serial postprandial measures of glucose, insulin, and peptide YY (PYY, an anorexigenic hormone) and ad libitum energy intake from a mid-day food buffet. They then underwent weight loss (7% of initial body weight achieved over several months) and were stabilized at this reduced weight for three weeks. Subjects were then placed in two different 4-day experimental conditions of energy balance in random order--Low Flux (LF): sedentary with energy intake (EI)=RMR x1.35; and HF: daily exercise net energy cost of ~500 kcal/d and EI= RMR x1.7. On each morning of the 4 days of the HF and LF conditions, RMR was measured and hunger and satiety monitored. On the day following the HF and the LF conditions, respectively, participants again underwent measures of RMR, fasting and post-prandial hunger and satiety, fasting and serial postprandial measures of glucose, insulin, and PYY, and ad libitum energy intake from the food buffet. Results: Daily energy intake during HF (x±SD: 3,191±587 kcal/d) was significantly greater (p<0.001) than during LF (x±SD: 2,449±406 kcal/d), but in line with the experimental design, subjects were in energy balance and average weight did not differ between low flux (103±4.8 kg) and high flux (103.4±4.7 kg). Perceived hunger at the end of day was lower (p=0.020), fullness throughout the day was higher (p=0.015) and there was a trend for hunger throughout the day to be lower (p=0.091) in HF compared to LF conditions. Additionally, RMR was significantly higher in HF (1926±138 kcal/day) compared to LF (1847±126 kcal/day; P = 0.05). Fasting and post-prandial glucose concentrations did not significantly change with weight loss. Fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations were lower after weight loss the day following HF and LF compared to pre-weight loss baseline values, but did not differ by flux condition. Fasting PYY concentrations were not different among pre-weight loss, HF, and LF, but postprandial PYY was lower the day following HF compared to pre-weight loss baseline. Ad libitum food intake and subjective feelings of hunger and satiety on the day following HF and LF did not differ between flux conditions or from pre-weight loss baseline values. Conclusions: A 4-day high flux state resulted in decreased hunger, increased satiety and increased RMR in weight-reduced, weight-stable, obese individuals when compared to a low flux state. Our findings support the importance of a daily high energy flux state in attenuating the increase in hunger and the decrease in energy expenditure that accompany diet-induced weight loss. However, the greater satiety and lower hunger were not evident the day following the high flux state, suggesting that such benefits resulting from the acute state are not long-lasting.
Open Access
A one-week controlled diet and exercise intervention significantly improves insulin sensitivity without changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations in young non-Hispanic white and Mexican American adults
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Botero, Maria Fernanda, author; Melby, Chris, advisor; Allen, Kenneth, committee member; Hickey, Matthew, committee member
Background: Hypoadiponectinemia (low levels of adiponectin in blood) has been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the USA, the prevalence of these latter two conditions is higher in Mexican Americans (MA) when compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). Variations in plasma adiponectin concentrations may partially contribute to differences in insulin resistance and T2D prevalence rates between adults of these two ethnic groups. Also, plasma adiponectin concentrations in MA and NHW adults may respond differently to a diet and exercise intervention. Objectives: 1. To determine whether or not pre-intervention fasting plasma adiponectin concentrations differ between sedentary, non-obese MA and NHW adults; 2. To determine if a combined one-week exercise and diet intervention (controlled low-saturated fat, low-sugar, high-fiber diet) improves both plasma adiponectin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in both NHW and MA adults; 3. To determine if changes in insulin sensitivity are associated with changes in circulating adiponectin concentrations. Methods: During the pre-study phase, volunteers underwent all initial screening tests. Eligible participants [n= 37; (20 NHW; 9 males, 11 females and 17 MA; 4 males, 13 females aged 18-40 years), fasting blood glucose < 126 mg/dl, blood pressure < 140/90 mm Hg, BMI < 30 kg/m2] continued with a 7-day baseline period, in which they were asked to maintain their regular food intake and their usual low level of exercise. A 3-hour intra-venous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) for the measurement of insulin sensitivity was performed at the end of this period, as well as measurement of fasting plasma adiponectin. The intervention phase started immediately the day after and ended 7 days later. Subjects consumed a diet that was rich in vegetables, fruits, dietary fiber, and lean proteins and low in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates. Study investigators prepared all foods which were provided to participants. Subjects also exercised on a stationary cycle ergometer for 6 out of the 7 days of the intervention (40-45min/session at 65%V02 max). At the end of the intervention, 16-17 hours after the last exercise bout, plasma adiponectin was again measured and another IVGTT was performed. Dependent variables were analyzed using a 2 X 2 repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Insulin action, determined by the 3-h insulin area under the curve (IAUC) in response to glucose infusion, improved significantly (p<0.05) in response to the intervention (IAUC µU*min/L pre, post: MA = 2297, 1635; NHW = 1794, 1210). At baseline, plasma adiponectin levels were not significantly different between NHW and MA adults (NHW= 11.42 mµ/ml, MA= 11.17 mµ/ml) and there were no significant changes in adiponectin in response to the intervention in either group. Conclusion: A one-week diet and exercise intervention significantly improved insulin action in both MA and NHW adults, but changes in circulating adiponectin were not observed. Thus, the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to a short-term diet/exercise intervention was disassociated from any changes in circulating adiponectin.
Open Access
A single session of moderate exercise, without energy deficit, may reduce svcam-1 concentrations in young, sedentary females
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Krause, Molly Annamarie, author; Melby, Christopher, advisor; Hickey, Matthew, committee member; Nelson, Tracy, committee member
Purpose: Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of death within the United States and globally [1, 2]. Postprandial lipemia and vascular adhesion molecules are becoming more widely recognized as biomedical makers associated with increased risk of developing CVD [3-5]. It has been well established that moderate exercise can improve some aspects of postprandial metabolism such as decreased triglycerides and improved insulin sensitivity [6]. However, there is limited data regarding the effect of prior moderate exercise on attenuating postprandial response specific to adhesion molecules [7, 8]. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a single bout of acute exercise, with energy replacement, on plasma soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), a marker of endothelial dysfunction, measured during fasting and in response to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal in young, non-obese, sedentary females. Methods: Eight, non-obese (x body mass index=24.6 kg/m2), habitually sedentary females (x age= 19.6 y) participated in this study. Following preliminary testing, each subject completed two trials in random order: 1) Exercise (Ex) 2) Non-exercise (Non-Ex). Each trial took place over 2 days. On the evening of day 1, subjects either rested (Non-Ex) or completed a cycle ergometer exercise bout at 65% peak heart rate, eliciting net exercise energy expenditure of ~285kcalories. On the morning of day 2 of each trial a fasting venous blood sample was drawn for measurement of sVCAM-1, followed by the consumption of a high-fat, high-sugar meal by each participant. Postprandial venous blood samples were then taken over at 2, 4, and 6 hours following meal ingestion for measurement plasma sVCAM-1 concentrations. Results: There was no significant treatment by time interaction on sVCAM-1 concentrations, nor was there a significant main effect of time. There was a significant condition effect on circulating soluble VCAM-1 concentrations such that concentrations were lower before and following the high-fat, high-sugar meal challenge for the EX compare to the NonEx condition. Conclusions: Results from the current study suggest that a single session of moderate exercise, without an energy deficit, may reduce sVCAM-1 concentrations in young, sedentary females. However, this finding must be viewed with caution owing to possible issues with thesVCAM-1 measurements, and the assay repeated prior to drawing any conclusions about the effect of acute exercise on circulating sVCAM-1 concentrations measured the morning after exercise.
Open Access
A single session of sprint interval training increases total daily energy expenditure
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Sevits, Kyle, author; Melby, Chris, advisor; Bell, Christopher, advisor; Gentile, Christopher, committee member; Browning, Ray, committee member; Melanson, Ed, committee member
Background: Sprint interval training (SIT) is known to elicit favorable physiological adaptations, including improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Its utility for weight maintenance is unclear. Presumably any effects would be mediated by increased energy expenditure during both the exercise itself, and during recovery. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of a single bout of SIT on 24-hour energy expenditure (EE). Methods: 24-hour EE was determined in 12 healthy men (age: 26 ± 2 years; body mass index: 23.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2; mean ± SE). After three days of controlled diet and maintenance of energy balance, subjects were studied in a whole-room indirect calorimeter for two consecutive days. One of these days (random order) began with a single bout of SIT (5 x 30 second "all-out" exertions on a cycle ergometer against a resistance equivalent to 7.5% body mass, separated by 4 minutes of loadless cycling). Subjects spent the other day in the calorimeter without exercising. Results: An acute bout of SIT increased 24-hour EE in all subjects by an average of 226 ± 15 kcal during an otherwise sedentary day (Control: 2189 ± 58 vs. SIT: 2415 ± 62 kcal/day; P < 0.001). There was also a non-significant (P = 0.054) decrease in fat balance on the exercise day (control = -9.7 ± 7.9 g/day vs. SIT = -20.6 ± 8.2 g/day). Conclusions: Our data provide support for SIT as a time-efficient exercise to increase total daily energy expenditure and may aid in the maintenance of health.
Open Access
Assessing the attitudes of hospitality students towards the use of a classroom response system (CRS)
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Milholland, Eric Stanley, author; Miller, Jeff, advisor; Martin Gould, Susan, advisor; Hogler, Raymond, committee member
A Classroom Response System (CRS) is a technology instructors can use to promote active learning. Researchers have shown a number of benefits of CRS use, including anonymous student response, better attendance, increased peer instruction, higher test scores, better grades, and the ability to use contingent teaching methods. Compared to traditional methods, contingent teaching allows instructors to gain real-time understanding of what students know and comprehend. Instructors then can use CRS based feedback to employ learner-paced instruction. Previous researchers focused on CRS use in disciplines like math and physics. A literature review did not locate any previous studies about using CRS in hospitality education. Regardless of the course studied, researchers found CRS was most effective when used as a tool to reinforce sound pedagogy. This study investigated the attitudes of hospitality students regarding the technology. The study was conducted over a three semester period, and was comprised of hospitality students (n=l 17) in an introductory food science course in which a CRS was used. Students responded to additional statements on standard course evaluation surveys. Students also wrote comments about their CRS experience in this class. Survey responses indicated students felt CRS encouraged discussion and participation, helped reinforce course concepts, and increased class enjoyment. Additionally, students suggested using CRS in more of their hospitality courses and in more courses university-wide. Students written responses indicated similar opinions as the surveys. Students indicated CRS helped them understand concepts, engage in discussion, and motivated them to attend. Others said using the device was fun and would recommend it to other students and for other classes. The results showed hospitality students have an overall positive attitude regarding CRS. This research indicated hospitality educators may want to use this technology to enhance instruction. As future versions of the technology evolve to become even more interactive, additional research should be conducted to see how CRS use will change in the future.
Open Access
Assessing the effectiveness of the America On the Move family program in a real-life setting through Colorado Extension
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2013) Roark, Constance Mary, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Hill, James, committee member; Barrett, Karen, committee member; Bellows, Laura, committee member
Background: More than 30% of the U.S. adult population and 17% of children between the ages of 2-19 years are considered to be obese; representing 72 million adults and 12.5 million children [1, 2]. Although Colorado currently holds the leanest state in the nation status, with an obesity rate of 21% [3], the state is not exempt from increasing rates of obesity in its population. According to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, more than 50% of the population is considered overweight and the percentage of obese adults has doubled since 1996 to 21.4% [4]. In addition, the state ranks 29th in the U.S. in childhood obesity, with one out of every eight children 2-14 years of age being obese, and an obesity rate of 14.2% for youth between the ages of 10-17 years [4-6]. Rural communities suffer from many of the same health challenges facing the rest of the country; however, differences in overweight and obesity may exist between rural and urban areas. In one study, the risk for becoming overweight or obese for children in rural communities was 25% higher as compared to their urban-living counterparts [7]. Significant challenges are associated with the large changes required to reverse overweight and obesity. An approach that is focused on prevention and based on small changes has been proposed. It is suggested that smaller changes may be more doable and sustainable to prevent weight gain from occurring initially or reducing further weight gain in those who are currently overweight and obese [8-12]. The health-related consequences of obesity are numerous and of particular concern is the potential relationship between body-mass index (BMI) in adolescence and health complications in adulthood. One of the most significant predictors of obesity in children is the obesity status of their parents [13]. While heredity may be a contributing factor, evidence suggests that the influence of parents and the home environment play significant roles [13-21]. It is suggested that family-based approaches to treating and preventing obesity are not only efficacious, but may be a necessary component for success [22-26]. The America On the Move (AOM) Family program is one such approach. The AOM Program is a free, self-administered web-based program in which individuals learn to take control of their health through small sustainable changes in their diet and exercise routines and to manage their weight through energy balance [27]. Objective: The focus of this research study was to address phase three of the USDA funded grant, The America On the Move (AOM) Family Program for Weight Gain Prevention, in which the AOM Family Program was disseminated to families in Colorado through Extension in order to evaluate its usefulness for participating families. Methods: Eleven Family and Consumer Science Extension agents recruited families from Colorado communities to participate in this study. Participating families were given the AOM Family Program Toolkit together with pedometers and were asked to follow the program over a six month period. Families provided self-reported baseline (month 1) and final (month 6) assessments that included height, weight and seven day step results in addition to pre- and post- questionnaires. Changes in step activity and weight status outcomes using BMI and BMI percentiles (BMIp) for adults and children, respectively, were determined from baseline to final assessment. Additionally, feedback from the participants and the Extension agents was collected and relationships between behaviors and weight status outcomes were assessed. Results: Thirty-six families from nine communities completed the study, including 50 adults and 55 children. At the end of the six month study the adults had achieved a statistically significant reduction in mean body weight and BMI and the children demonstrated no statistically significant changes in mean BMI percentile; consistent with the AOM Family Program objective of weight gain prevention. The majority of the participants (86%) rated the program as either good or better and would recommend it to others. In contrast, only half of the Extension agents rated the program as good and most would not continue to offer it in their communities without changes. Conclusions: With further exploration and adjustments it is feasible that the AOM Family Program could become a valued tool in support of a more healthful lifestyle for families living in Colorado, with Extension serving as the conduit within their respective communities.
Open Access
Assessing the outcomes and acceptability of healthy lifestyles for Youth Corps members: phase 2 of a multi-phase project
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Kissane, Katharine Roseanne, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Trumbo, Craig W., committee member; Bellows, Laura Leigh, committee member
Background: Obesity is a costly condition that can reduce quality of life and increase the risk of several chronic diseases. Obesity has a multi-factorial etiology, which includes genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors (Baranowski 2000). Such a complex disease needs a complex solution such as changing public policy and the environment. In addition, people must be given knowledge and self-efficacy to live healthy lifestyles. The obesity epidemic is not limited to adults. Childhood obesity is a growing problem. In 1980, 6.5% of children aged 12-19 years were obese and this number increased statistically to 19.6% in 2008 (CDC 2010). According to the 2007 National Survey of Childhood Health the obesity rate in Colorado for youth ages 10-17 is 14.2%. Children in Colorado are ranked 29th out of the 50 states for obesity (Trust for America's Health 2010). The committee on prevention of obesity in children and youth encourages the evaluation of interventions that focus on preventing an increase in obesity prevalence, improving dietary behaviors, increasing physical activity levels, and reducing sedentary behaviors (Koplan et al 2005). There are several obesity prevention and intervention programs targeting youth, however, most of these efforts have been school-based or limited to school-aged children. The Youth Conservation Corps is a population not reached though these efforts. Traditionally, many of the youth employed by the Youth Corps have been low-income, at-risk, and ethnic minorities. There are currently no prevention programs targeting this audience and there have been no previous efforts addressing the health outcome of Youth Conservation Corps members. Objective: The first objective of this project (phase 2) was to revise the Healthy Lifestyle for Youth Corps Members curriculum based upon the pilot test with 13 corps members of phase 1 of the project. The second objective for phase 2 of this project was to implement the Healthy Lifestyles for Youth Corps Members and analyze changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding healthy lifestyles. Methods: Revisions to the curriculum were made based on the data collected during the first phase of the project and from suggestions made by researchers at Colorado State University and the Colorado Youth Corps Association. Data used in assessing changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior was collected using a survey that was tested for validity and reliability prior to implementation. In addition, the acceptability of the program was assessed by feedback from the corps members provided via the post-survey and crew leaders' instructor notes pages, which were located at the end of each unit specifically for crew leaders to fill out and offer feedback. Implementation and control group sites included Western Colorado Conservation Corps, Mile High Youth Conservation Corps, Larimer County Youth Conservation Corps, Southwest Conservation Corps -Four Corners and Southwest conservation Corps- Las Valles. Results: One hundred corps members in Colorado completed the program, 58 from the implementation group and 42 from the control group. The average age of all the participants was 20 years. When testing for knowledge only two questions had significant results. Many of the knowledge questions had a ceiling effect, as the corps members already knew the answer leaving no room for improvement. In addition, many of the corps members were already engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors prior to the implementation of the Healthy Lifestyles Curriculum. Feedback from the crew leaders and corps members suggested that the curriculum was too basic and they suggested that the curriculum should contain more in depth information. However, there were corps members who enjoyed the curriculum and the younger corps members generally rated the curriculum as more acceptable. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that this sample of Colorado Youth Corps members in this study were not representative of all Colorado Youth Corps. The average age of participants in 2009 was 18 years and in our study, the average age was 20 years. In addition, in 2009 there was more ethnic diversity than the sample in phase 2. Many corps members in this study already had the knowledge about living healthy lifestyles. Changes to the curriculum could include combining units 2 and 3 and units 4 and 5. In addition, incorporating more in depth information could enhance the effectiveness of this curriculum in the future.
Open Access
Assessment of airborne microorganisms in a craft brewery
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Miller, Amanda Leah, author; Bunning, Marisa, advisor; Stone, Martha, committee member; Hyatt, Doreene, committee member
Although pathogenic bacteria have little chance of surviving in beer due to its intrinsic antimicrobial hurdles, there are other microorganisms capable of surviving and spoiling beer. The quality of all food products including beer are not only affected by the integrity of the raw materials, and cleanliness of the equipment and packaging materials, but also by the purity of the environmental air surrounding the processing area. The purpose of this project was to examine the environmental microbial air quality within various areas of a craft brewery with special emphasis on potential beer spoiling bacteria. First, samples inside the brewery and samples outside the brewery were collected to establish a baseline of data, identify areas of concern, and to examine the effect of seasonality. Those areas of concern then were sampled more often and also were sampled based on the risk of product contamination. The canning line within the brewery was identified as a specific area of concern. Bottling and canning lines in breweries often are considered non-closed production equipment and have the ability to become contaminated from outside sources including the environment. The air was sampled 307 times over a period of 22 months using an automated impaction sieve sampler pulling 80 liters of air. Samples were plated both aerobically and anaerobically. The aerobic plates were used for a general cleanliness of the area while the anaerobic plates were included to examine for beer spoiling organisms. The standard (specification limit) used for the indication of a contaminated area was a plate with 40 colony forming units (CFU) or more per 80 liters of air sampled. The results of this study revealed that testing for airborne microorganisms is highly recommended in the craft brewing industry due to the potential for the impurity of the environmental air surrounding the processing area. Seasonality had an effect on total number of aerobic airborne microorganisms with the spring months being approximately five times higher than other months. The canning line in the brewery was found to be contaminated with beer spoiling bacteria on average 75% of the time. Critical areas in the brewery, such as the bottling and canning lines, should be routinely tested for airborne microorganisms as they could lead to final product contamination. Routine microbial environmental air testing is a good indicator of overall brewery cleanliness.
Open Access
Assessment of nutrition education strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease in U.S. Army hospitals
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2007) Bukhari, Asma Sultana, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Kaminski, Karen, committee member; Gould, Susan, committee member
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States with an estimated 79,400,000 adults diagnosed with this disease in 2004 and costs of $431.8 billion projected this year. As a result there is an increased emphasis on early detection and treatment of risk factors. Military personnel are vulnerable to this killer disease due to indulgence in unhealthy behaviors such as cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and increased stress. These behaviors can have a profound impact on the military readiness and mission accomplishment. The purpose of this study was to identify strategies to enhance nutrition education provided to the military personnel at US Anny hospitals to manage CVD. The results will be used to identify weaknesses and gaps in an existing program and facilitate improvement of CVD nutrition education. It was hypothesized that nutrition education can be enhanced by aligning the existing CVD management programs with evidenced based guidelines that will provide program consistency. The target audience for this study was Registered Dietitians in clinical leadership positions at U.S Anny hospitals and outpatient clinics. The study was approved by the Colorado State University Human Research Committee and the U.S Anny Medical Research and Material Command Human Research Protection Office. Survey validity was established by obtaining information from a review of literature and feedback from expert Army dietitians and CSU faculty. Survey reliability was established by a test and re-test during a pilot test on a subset of Army dietitians. The responses were analyzed using computer software and reported as mean, standard deviations and frequencies. The survey response rate was 70% (n=21). The primary educators of CVD risk reduction were dietitian. Sixty-two percent of the hospitals provided nutrition education based on current guidelines. The current program was rated either "very good" or "good" by 67% of the dietitians. Eighty-one percent of dietitians experienced variation in the program at their hospitals. Only 24% of the dietitians indicated a mechanism to reach deployed soldiers with hypercholesterolemia. A web-based resource center was selected by 43% of the dietitians followed by 23% who suggested development of a self-paced web-based education program for deployed or remotely located soldiers. Caution is advised while interpreting the results because the findings are based on dietitians' knowledge and opinions and may not have captured all the services offered to the patients. The survey provided insight into current program and suggestions for future program improvements. Cost effectiveness and improved patient satisfaction of medical nutrition therapy by Registered Dietitians is already established. Army dietitians need to take the lead in designing and implementing programs to reduce the CVD risks among military personnel. Such interventions will improve the quality of life of soldiers by providing long term health benefits; and that, in tum, will save resources from reduction in mortality and morbidity associated with CVD events. It is important to explore various communication media for information dissemination.
Open Access
Association of pet ownership with eating, exercise, nutritional status, and heart health of seniors
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 1995) Dembicki, Diane Florence, author; Anderson, Jennifer, advisor; Melby, Chris, advisor; Stallones, Lorann, committee member; Auld, Garry, committee member; Barber, Clif, committee member
The familiar adage "pets are good for your health" is an interesting but largely untested theory. Numerous anecdotal remarks on the health benefits of companion animals to the elderly refer to eating and exercise. Research is needed to examine if any health benefits result from pet ownership, and, if so, models must be developed to explain the reasons. An early empirical study found increased survival rate of heart patients due to pets (Freidmann et al., 1980). A theoretical framework is developing based on pet attachment and substitute social support (Stallones et al., 1990). Recent research investigated the effects of pets on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Anderson et al., 1992). A new model was developed, based on pet ownership leads to better self care, to show possible associations between pet ownership with eating, exercise, nutritional status, and specific cardiovascular risk factors. The major hypotheses tested were pet owners have significantly lower serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than non-owners and these differences are explained by diet and physical activity. The experimental design was a cross-sectional, observational study of a self-selected convenience sample. Seniors aged sixty and above were solicited at senior congregate meals program sites in north-central Colorado (n=127). Instruments used were questionnaires on eating and exercise, emotional and physical health, social support, and pet attachment, biochemical analyses of diet and blood, and anthropometric and physiological measures. Statistical procedures included two-tailed t-tests, Chi-square, multivariate analysis, correlation coefficients and partial coefficients, and analysis of covariance ; a value of p <0. 05 was considered significant. There were few significant differences in diet, nutritional status, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and no significant differences in number of exercise activities and duration of walking between pet and nonowners. Dog owners walked significantly longer than nonowners. Pet owners had significantly lower triglycerides than non-owners. It could not be concluded that pet ownership is associated with better diet and nutritional status, greater physical activity, and reduced cardiovascular risk compared to non-ownership in seniors.
Open Access
Brewing analysis and quality control: development of an undergraduate course and integration within a university fermentation science and technology curriculum
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Strevey, Daniel, author; Avens, John S., advisor; Bunning, Marisa, advisor; Laybourn, Paul, committee member
The development of the course FTEC 422 Brewing Analysis and Quality Control (BAQC) originated at Colorado State University to alleviate the lack of university level course offerings available to future brewing professionals in the United States; particularly a course that addressed the analytical and quality control aspects of beer production. At the time of development only one course was available in Fermentation Science and Technology (FTEC) at CSU, with one more course in the planning stages. This indicated a lack of educational opportunities to support a quickly growing brewing industry of 2,051 breweries in the U.S. as of April 2012 (Gatza, 2012). In 2018 there where 7,346 breweries and more than 500,000 industry jobs (Watson, 2018). BAQC was designed to introduce and educate students in quality analysis and control topics related to the brewing industry through weekly lecture, lab exercises, and industry related field trips. BAQC was first offered as a pilot course in the spring semester of 2012 as FTEC 480 (Year 1 n=8), then again in spring 2014 as FTEC 422 (Year 2 n=12). During both years, the course had a set enrollment limit of 20 students. Instructor approval was required for student admittance in both years. As a result, registered students represented a diverse demographic of science disciplines. In Year 2, the course included students enrolled in the newly formed Fermentation Science and Technology Bachelors of Science degree. BAQC was designed to be a foundational course within the new major. Statistical analysis was used to determine if students' education backgrounds would have an impact on their success in the class. Results did not indicate that a student enrolled in a differing degree program would do better or worse in BAQC (P = 0.80). This result was somewhat expected since instructor approval was required for admittance. As a result some students were excluded from the course who may have performed poorly. An open admittance policy could have produced different results. Course evaluation forms were completed by students at the end of the semester with overwhelmingly positive feedback. BAQC offered a unique educational opportunity by providing students with applied technical experience preparing them for a fruitful career in the brewing industry. Brewing industry growth between 2012 and 2018 indicated strong growth will be sustained into the future, supplying an expanding number of industry jobs. BAQC also provides students a basic understanding of quality control and analysis objectives needed for other fermented food industry products such as cheese, yogurt, and baked foods. As the brewing industry had grown, a greater focus on quality products has emerged, according to relevant industry sources. Offerings within the Brewers Association, American Society of Brewing Chemists, Masters Brewers Association of the Americas, and Institute of Brewing and Distilling support beer quality control and analysis through publications and forums. These industry sources allow students who have completed BAQC to stay abreast of new developments in the knowledge and skills provided in this course. BAQC is now an integral part of the Fermentation Science and Technology degree offered at CSU. Through course evolution by new instructors BAQC will continue to stay relevant.
Open Access
Cardiometabolic plasticity and skeletal muscle protein expression in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites in response to a short-term diet and exercise intervention
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2009) Schmidt, Stacy L., author; Melby, Chris, advisor; Hickey, Matt, advisor
The prevalence rates for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have steadily increased to epidemic proportions over the past few decades, with disproportionately high rates of these health problems in Hispanics. The largest minority group in the United States is Hispanics, with Mexican Americans (MA) comprising the largest and fastest growing portion of the US Hispanic population. Insulin resistance is more prevalent in the MA population compared to other ethnic groups, and appears to precede many of the metabolic abnormalities involved in the progression toward T2D and MetS. Insulin resistance and many factors present in the MetS have been shown to improve following an increase in physical activity and consumption of diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in fiber. The overall objective of this project was to determine the combined effects of an increase in exercise combined with dietary lipid and carbohydrate modification on insulin sensitivity and blood lipids, and to determine if differences in expression of skeletal muscle proteins exist in non-obese, non-diabetic sedentary MA and NHW adults.
Embargo
Cardiovascular-protective effects of blueberry consumption in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Woolf, Emily K., author; Johnson, Sarah A., advisor; Gentile, Christopher L., committee member; Weir, Tiffany L., committee member; Rao, Sangeeta, committee member
Endothelial dysfunction is the first step in atherosclerosis and contributes to its progression, and thus, is central to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is driven by excessive oxidative stress and inflammation and characterized by impaired endothelium-dependent dilation. Estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women have oxidative stress-mediated suppression of endothelial function that is worsened by high blood pressure. Chronic blueberry consumption may be a beneficial dietary intervention for this population as it has shown to improve vascular function and blood pressure, though some studies have not demonstrated efficacy possibly due to the observed high interindividual variability in response to the intervention. Evidence indicates blueberries improve endothelial function, but studies have not been performed in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, ex vivo research has shown that blueberry (poly)phenols and their metabolites can decrease endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation, but whether these mechanisms translate to humans is unclear. The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) examine the efficacy of chronic blueberry consumption to improve endothelial function and blood pressure in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure, with a specific focus on identifying mechanisms for improving endothelial function, 2) identify factors that contributed to the efficacy of blueberries as a dietary intervention for improving endothelial function, and 3) explore cellular mechanisms responsible for endothelial function improvements and the anti-atherogenic potential of blueberries. To investigate the aforementioned, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial and assessed endothelial function (measured through flow-mediated dilation (FMD)) and supine brachial blood pressure before and after daily consumption of 22 g of freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder or isocaloric placebo powder for 12 weeks. To examine mechanisms for improved endothelial function, FMD was assessed before and after infusing a supraphysiological dose of the antioxidant ascorbic acid (i.e. vitamin C) and normalized to shear rate area under the curve (FMD/SRAUC). To investigate factors impacting the interindividual variability in the endothelial function responses after the 12 weeks of blueberry consumption, we grouped the blueberry treatment group into responders (≥ +1% unit Δ FMD) and non-responders (< +1% unit Δ FMD) and performed secondary statistical analyses using data produced from the clinical trial. Lastly, to investigate mechanisms for improvements in endothelial function, we used a reverse translational human-to-cell approach leveraging human blood serum collected from participants in the clinical trial to perform ex vivo cell culture experiments. Results from the clinical trial showed that daily blueberry consumption significantly improved FMD/SRAUC compared to baseline by 96%. FMD not normalized for shear rate increased by 1.34% though the effects were not statistically significant (but were clinically significant). Improvements in FMD/SRAUC after blueberry consumption were due to reductions in oxidative stress as responses to ascorbic acid infusion were significantly reduced at 12 weeks in the blueberry group compared to baseline, with no changes in the placebo group. There were no major effects on blood pressure, arterial stiffness, endothelial cell protein expression, or other blood biomarkers of cardiovascular health. It was determined that the blueberry intervention was ~50% effective for improving FMD to clinically relevant levels of ≥ +1%, and that responders had decreased cardiovascular health and higher levels of circulating estrogen at baseline compared to non-responders. After 12 weeks of blueberry consumption, responders had reductions in oxidative stress, lower plasma nitrate levels, and higher phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression compared to non-responders. Lastly, we cultured HAECs with 15% serum (blueberry and placebo) for 1 h followed by 200 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h to induce endothelial dysfunction and evaluated the effects of blueberry (poly)phenol-rich serum on endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression. There were no statistically significant differences on monocyte binding, insulin-stimulated nitric oxide production, or peroxynitrite concentrations between dysfunctional HAECs treated with blueberry and placebo serum from the clinical trial. Collectively, results from these studies indicate that daily blueberry consumption for 12 weeks improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood pressure through reductions in oxidative stress, and that efficacy (i.e. degree to which postmenopausal women responded to treatment in endothelial function) seems to be dependent on participant characteristics including cardiovascular risk factors and estradiol at baseline. Due to the inconclusive results regarding the ex vivo experiment, cellular mechanisms by which blueberry (poly)phenol metabolites impact endothelial function and atherosclerosis progression cannot be determined.
Open Access
Challenging the status quo: exploring the use of strategies from behavioral economics to shape children's menus in restaurants
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Ferrante, Mackenzie Jayne, author; Bellows, Laura L., advisor; Johnson, Susan L., committee member; Slejko, Gina, committee member; Miller, Jeffrey, committee member
Introduction: The poor diet quality of US children has been partially attributed to low fruit and vegetable intake and frequent consumption of restaurant food. Strategies from behavioral economics are acceptable to both parents and children and have increased children's orders of healthful foods in restaurants. However, there are still missing pieces related to parent acceptance and children's consumption of healthful foods. Therefore, the overarching goal of this dissertation is to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of using behavioral economic strategies in restaurants to alter children's consumption to be more healthful. This goal was addressed using two research objectives: 1a) To examine parent derived and stated preferences for selected attributes of children's restaurant menus, which included behavioral economic strategies, using a conjoint design and, 1b) to segment the participants by derived menu attribute preference to identify patterns in preference for individual menu attributes and overall stated and derived menu choice by participant characteristics, beliefs, health concern, and food practices. 2) To investigate whether altering the choice architecture of children's meals by restructuring the menu using optimal defaults and vice-virtue bundles, will impact ordering of side dishes and consumption of vegetable sides during a restaurant meal. Study 1: Eight children's menus were designed and integrated into a survey using conjoint design to gather parent appeal to various attributes and the overall menu. Parents of children (4-10 y; n=500) were recruited using Amazon's TurkPrime. A conjoint analysis was conducted to discern parent preference for each of the individual attributes. It revealed parents had a strong preference for choice on side dishes (β=0.73) and low-priced menus (β=0.51), and the weakest preference for inclusion of healthful entrees (β=0.04). Study 2: Families with 4-8 year old children were recruited to attend three dinner meals. Children's meals consisted of macaroni-and-cheese or chicken tenders and a default side dish [all carrots (150g; Menu-1), small fries (50g)/ large carrots (100g; Menu-2), and small carrots (50g)/ large fries (100g; Menu-3)]. Children could opt out of the default side. Foods offered to children were pre- and post-weighed to determine consumption. Descriptive statistics examined children's ordering behavior and consumption. Repeated measures ANOVA examined the effects on carrot consumption (g) and a paired samples t-test was conducted to test for differences in french fry consumption (g). A majority of children remained with the default side during each of the Menus: Menu 1, 90.2%; Menu 2, 97.6%; Menu 3, 87.8%. Significant differences occurred in children's french fry consumption, (t = -2.57, p = .014). No significant differences in children's carrot consumption occurred. Conclusions: Parents, like most consumers, value choice and options. The use of optimal, vice-virtue bundles was confirmed, showing that not only do children order more healthfully when they are in place, but that children will eat the healthful foods when present. Taken together, results from these two studies show that all stakeholders – children, parents, and restaurateurs - may be able to find a solution that offers both health and taste as a part of children's restaurant meals.
Open Access
Characterization of protein-polyphenol interactions between novel plant proteins (pea and hemp) and blueberry polyphenols with respect to polyphenol binding and delivery
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Chima, Bianca, author; Van Buiten, Charlene, advisor; Johnson, Sarah, committee member; Prenni, Jessica, committee member
Despite the numerous health benefits associated with polyphenols, dietary intake of this class of compounds is low in the United States due to low intake of fruits and vegetables. It has been shown that dairy foods (i.e. milk, yogurt) increase polyphenol bioavailability due to polyphenols interacting with whey protein, enhancing polyphenol stability and uptake throughout digestion. However, increasing concerns for sustainability and health have introduced a variety of novel plant-based proteins as dairy alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the abilities of edible pea and hemp protein isolates to form complexes with blueberry polyphenol extract (BPE) and characterize the physical and biological functionalities of these complexes compared to whey proteins. Protein/polyphenol solutions were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy to determine if complexation occurred. Secondary structures and binding affinities were analyzed by far-UV CD Spectroscopy and fluorimetry, respectively. In vitro digestion was performed to determine whether the protein profile changed in the presence of BPE via SDS-PAGE and determination of free amino acids using the ninhydrin method. Protein isolates from pea and hemp successfully formed complexes with BPE with binding affinities for the compound similar to whey protein. Relative helicity of the hemp protein was higher than the other protein sources and increased upon complexation with BPE. Furthermore, the SDS-PAGE profiles of all the proteins were the same whether BPE was present or not and the free amino acid content increased after digestion for the protein and protein/polyphenol solutions. Overall, complexation of BPE with plant proteins was successful. Fluorescence quenching and changes to the secondary structure of the proteins in the presence of BPE indicate that polyphenols were bound but the mechanisms and structures responsible for complexation seem to vary between proteins. More research is needed to determine the interactions that cause binding between the polyphenols and the proteins and whether the bioavailability of the compounds will increase when bound to the proteins in cell model and/or clinical study. This study provides a foundation for exploring the effects of plant-based proteins on phytochemical functionality in complex, "whole food" matrices.
Open Access
Comparison and acceptabilty of gluten-free yeast breads made with quinoa flour
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Chase, Caraline Bianchetto, author; Stone, Martha, advisor; Bunning, Marisa, committee member; Timpson, William, committee member
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a plant that is native to South America and is grown in the Andean mountains. The quinoa plant is resistant to harsh weather conditions and drought. It is a gluten free (GF) grain and has significance in making a GF yeast bread for people who cannot safely consume gluten proteins due to celiac disease, gluten allergies, or other issues. Most GF yeast breads on the market are made with a large portion of white or brown rice flour, which is neutral in taste, easily digestible, but low in vitamins and nutrients compared to quinoa flour. Quinoa flour is more expensive than rice flour and can impart negative aftertastes. The objectives of this study were to develop GF yeast bread formulas incorporating quinoa flour for rice flour and potato starch at 0, 36, 72, or 100% and obtain sensory and instrumental data on the breads. Specific gravity was calculated on the batter before baking with significant (p<0.05) differences existing among all batters. The 100% GF quinoa yeast bread was (p<0.05) smaller in volume than the other breads. The GF bread made with 100% rice flour and potato starch was significantly (p<0.05) softer (less hardness or firmness values) than the GF breads containing quinoa flour, while the 100% GF quinoa flour bread was firmest and least tender. Crust and crumb color did not (p>0.05) differ among any of the breads. The 100% GF quinoa yeast bread had the lowest water activity (p<0.05). Sensory analysis showed that for tenderness, flavor, and overall acceptability the 100% GF quinoa yeast bread was liked less (p<0.05) compared to the other breads. Based on the instrumental and sensory data collected, both the 36 and 72% QF yeast breads are acceptable GF yeast bread options containing QF.
Open Access
Developing and evaluating a website on infant feeding, specifically breastfeeding, for child care providers
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2006) Clark, Alena Michelle, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Adams, Elizabeth, committee member; Baker, Susan, committee member; Barrett, Karen, committee member
Research studies have shown that breastfeeding provides a multitude of benefits to infants, mothers and communities. Yet, many women cease breastfeeding before the recommended times. A common reason women cease breastfeeding is because of returning to work or school. Because child care providers often provide care to these infants, further research on the role of child care providers on infant feeding practices, specifically breastfeeding, is warranted. This research project occurred in three phases. First, a needs assessment survey was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and training needs of child care providers on infant feeding, specifically breastfeeding, in child care centers. The most appropriate medium to integrate best practice information and provide educational tools to child care providers was also examined. Based on the first phase of this project, a website for child care providers on infant feeding, specifically breastfeeding, was determined to be the desired medium for child care providers. Because no other infant feeding website for child care providers was available, InfaNET Nutrition for Child Care Providers website was developed during the second phase of this project based upon the needs assessment results and facilitated group discussions' feedback. The Social Learning Theory was used as the theoretical framework for the development of the content information on the website. A process evaluation with infant feeding experts, child care providers and web design experts deemed the website ready to be tested. Thirdly, a quasi-experimental research design with a control and intervention group was completed. The target population viewed the website as a well-liked and effective means to provide infant feeding information. Results also showed that between the pre- and post-test intervention, the intervention group had more statistically significant positive changes in attitude and behaviors than the control group. Child care providers already possessed a desirable level of knowledge in regards to storing, preparing and feeding infants' breastmilk and formula, but not in distinguishing hunger cues or introducing solid foods. The behavior and attitude changes were not sustained at follow-up, but results showed there was a non-significant positive trend in knowledge for the intervention group.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of a bilingual interactive multimedia computerized food recall
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2004) Zoellner, Jamie Marie, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Adams, Liz, committee member; Auld, Gerry, committee member; Middlemist, Dennis, committee member
The objective of this research was to utilize advancements in computer technology to develop and test a bilingual interactive multimedia (IMM) dietary assessment tool. During developmental testing 25 peer-reviewers rated characteristics of the program on a 5-point Likert scale. The mean score of each question received high ratings including introduction/directions helpful (M = 4.5), meal times understandable (M = 4.6), foods easy to identify (M = 3.9), portions easy to identify (M = 4.5), and computer food recall easy to use (M = 4.5). In the final format, the bilingual IMM recall represents a multiple-pass method in which users first report food choices from 167 graphically represented foods. After the development and formative evaluation, the IMM recall underwent comparative validity testing against an interview-administered dietary recall. This study was a two-period cross over design study with repeated measures. Subjects were randomly assigned to complete an IMM recall or interview-administered 24-hour recall first. The interview-administered recall was analyzed using the Food Intake Analysis System (FIRS) and the EFNEP Reporting System (ERS). The effect of substituting standardized portion sizes for reported portion sizes was examined. Of 80 adult Coloradoan participants, 71 (91%) were female, 45 (56%) had ≤12th grade education, 65 (81%) had ≤$15,000 annual income, and 21 (26%) completed the IMM recall in Spanish. Analysis of variance and unadjusted and energy-adjusted correlations were used for analysis. No significant group differences were found for order of administration or demographic characteristics. The only significant method effect found was between the IMM recall and FIRS for vitamin C (P = 0.025). The unadjusted correlations between the IMM recalls and interview-administered recalls analyzed using both FIRS and ERS were generally around 0.6. Energy-adjusted correlations consistently decreased. Substituting standardized portion sizes resulted in significant differences for six nutrients and caused all correlations to drop. Overall, the IMM recall was found to be valid for assessing dietary intake by groups of individuals. This IMM recall has been well received in the peer-review process and attracted the interest of nutrition educators. The results of comparative validity testing and positive reactions received from participants and nutrition educators indicate diet assessment utilizing IMM holds tremendous potential.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of a bilingual nutrition education computer program for Latino children
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2001) Serrano, Elena Lidia, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Kendall, Pat, committee member; Fritz, Janet, committee member; Zimmerman, Don, committee member; Auld, Garry, committee member
Interactive computer technology and multi-media have advanced in the past ten years as growing opportunities for nutrition education. Few nutrition education computer programs exist for school-aged children, particularly for Latinos. The overarching purpose of this research was to develop a computer nutrition program for low-income Mexican American children in Colorado. This research project spans all levels of software development -with formative evaluation , product development, and evaluation. Development of the CD-ROM program was driven by several theoretical models and results from the formative evaluation . The formative evaluation included focus groups with children and surveys with classroom teachers and media teachers in order to determine preferences for computer programs, particularly in classroom settings. We also sought to address dietary acculturation in the program. Food frequency questionnaires and acculturation scales were administered to children in largely Hispanic areas of Colorado. Several foods were found to be sensitive to change with increasing acculturation -- such as posole, corn tortillas, fresh corn , mangoes, Mexican cream, and beans - and sensitive to adoption . The final computer program contained a total of six components -- including educational modules, games, songs, and infomercials -- focusing on the Food Guide Pyramid and related topics. Foods included in the program were representative of different levels of acculturation (as determined by the dietary acculturation study) . Online evaluation was used to measure gains in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior intentions, as well as dietary choices. The program was implemented in a total of four schools -- two intervention schools and two matched control schools -- in southern Colorado. The computer nutrition education program proved to be highly effective in improving knowledge about the Food Guide Pyramid. The intervention group's knowledge of the Food Guide Pyramid increased by over 50% and was considered significantly higher than the control group at the p<.01 level. Self-efficacy related to using the Food Guide Pyramid to plan meals and snacks also increased significantly. Our findings demonstrated that games and songs were effective in strengthening knowledge about nutrition and the Food Guide Pyramid, regardless of acculturation level. Online data about dietary patterns confirmed findings from the preliminary dietary acculturation study.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of a lifestyle physical activity intervention for obese sedentary women
(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2001) Byfield, Cynthia Louise, author; Jennifer Anderson, advisor; Sampson, David A, committee member; Hill, James O., committee member; Kennedy, Cathy, committee member
Physical inactivity has been established as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in both lean and obese individuals. Increasing physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in obese individuals attenuates the comorbidities associated with obesity and the reduction in risk is comparable to that of smoking cessation. Despite the benefits of physical activity, prevalence of physical inactivity is high , particularly among obese women. Recent evidence indicates that lifestyle physical activity programs that are based on behavior change theory are an effective alternative to traditional exercise programs in promoting the adoption of physical activity in sedentary individuals. The primary aim of this study was two-fold : 1) Develop a 24-week, theory-based lifestyle physical activity intervention for obese sedentary women; 2) Evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention by assessing changes in physical activity and CRF after 24 weeks of intervention and 24 weeks of follow-up. Secondary aims were to examine the effect of the Lifestyle intervention on dietary practices, CVD risk factors, and psychological measures of behavior change. Fifty-eight obese sedentary women were randomized into the Lifestyle intervention developed for this study (n=29) or a "Usual Care" intervention (n=29). After 24 weeks, significant improvements in physical activity, CRF, Body Mass Index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure, self-efficacy, and eight of the 10 processes of change occurred among Lifestyle participants. No changes in these variables were observed among Usual Care participants. Attrition was significantly lower among Lifestyle participants than among Usual Care participants. After 48 weeks, levels of physical activity , CRF, and self-efficacy were significantly higher than baseline among Lifestyle participants but not among Usual Care participants. LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in Lifestyle participants at 48 weeks but systolic blood pressure was significantly higher. BMI was significantly higher at 48 weeks than at baseline among Usual Care participants but not among Lifestyle participants. The Lifestyle intervention developed for this study was effective in producing significant improvements in physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, LDL-cholesterol, and self-efficacy among obese sedentary women.