Browsing by Author "Wagner, John J., committee member"
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Item Open Access Cattle feeding hedging and cash margin analysis(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Ramey, Holden Milller, author; Koontz, Stephen R., advisor; Frasier, W. Marshall, committee member; Wagner, John J., committee memberHistorical cattle feeding margins offered through multiproduct hedging, single commodity hedging, and cash markets are determined and compared. Expected margins result from hedging in the commodity futures markets, while actual margins are garnered in the cash market. Price and production data are used to construct a cattle feeding scenario representative of a typical U.S. cattle feeder. Margin equations that account for price, weight, and costs of feeding cattle are developed and adapted to accommodate each type of margin. Actual costs from feedlot closeout data are applied in margin calculations and are also used to construct a model to estimate costs not yet known. Commodity futures are adjusted using both actual and expected methods of basis. This research's primary objective is to determine the mean and risk associated with expected margins generated by hedging strategies and cash margins. Furthermore, insight is acquired on margin opportunities offered by cash and commodity futures markets. Results obtained by this research will be analyzed primarily, using the mean-variance framework. Also, the distribution of expected and actual margins was evaluated and discussed. This study provided a necessary update to research that had previously been done analyzing cattle feeding margins. The goal was to benefit individuals involved in the cattle feeding segment and the U.S. beef industry. This work helped provide cattle feeders with the necessary information to improve cattle feeding margins through well-informed risk management decisions. Implementing the right strategy at the right time to secure margins has many important benefits, though the most important one is the financial soundness of cattle feeding entities.Item Open Access Evaluation of management strategies to improve efficiency and sustainability of beef and dairy cattle operations(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Arce-Cordero, Jose A., author; Archibeque, Shawn L., advisor; Seidel, George E., committee member; Wagner, John J., committee memberTo view the abstract, please see the full text of the document.Item Open Access Examining in vitro and in vivo characteristics of Intellibond and sulfate forms of copper, zinc, and manganese(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Caldera, Emmanuel, author; Engle, Terry E., advisor; Wagner, John J., committee member; Archibeque, Shawn L., committee member; Rollin, Bernard, committee memberTrace minerals have long been identified as essential components in the diets of domestic livestock species. The mechanisms underlying Cu, Zn, and Mn absorption are complex, but research has demonstrated interesting opportunities to optimize the involvement of trace minerals in ruminant nutrition. To further our understanding of absorption and retention of modern forms of trace minerals 4 experiments were conducted to examine in vitro and in vivo characteristics of Intellibond (IB) and sulfate forms of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). In experiment 1, in vitro incubations were used to examine the effects of pH and mineral concentration and source (IB vs sulfate) on Cu, Zn, and Mn solubility. Solubility was measured at elemental concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 mg of product/ml (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml) at: 1) pH 5.5 (in McDougal's artificial saliva mixture 0.1 M NaHCO3-Na2HPO4KCl- MgSO4*7H2O-urea buffer) and 2) pH 2.0 (in McDougal's artificial saliva mixture 0.1 M NaHCO3-Na2HPO4KCl- MgSO4*7H2O-urea buffer). On average, the overall solubility of Cu, Zn, and Mn, from both trace mineral sources were similar at a pH 5.0 and 2.0. In Experiment 2 eight cross-bred steers were utilized to estimate the duodenal appearance of Cu, Zn, and Mn in steers post ruminal administration of IB and sulfate forms of Cu, Zn, and Mn in steers fed a corn silage and steam flaked corn-based diet. Treatments consisted of 1) 60 mg of Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4; 20 mg of Cu/kg DM from CuSO4; 40 mg of Mn/kg DM from MnSO4, and 2) 60 mg of Zn/kg DM from tetra-basic ZnCl; 20 mg of Cu/kg DM from tri-basic CuCl; 40 mg of Mn/kg DM from tri-basic MnCl. Individual trace mineral treatments were thoroughly mixed with 0.23 kg of ground corn and administered as a single dose via the rumen fistula. Rumen and duodenal samples were obtained at -4, -2, 0 h, pre dosing and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, and 42 h post dosing. Duodenal appearance of Cu, Mn, and Zn post ruminal administration of different trace mineral sources were similar across treatments. In experiment 3, eight cross-bred steers were utilized in a 19 d experiment to investigate the effects of trace mineral source on apparent absorption and retention of Cu, Zn, and Mn in steers fed a corn silage and steam flaked corn-based diet. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of the 2 treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) 30 mg of Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4; 10 mg of Cu/kg DM from CuSO4; 20 mg of Mn/kg DM from MnSO4; and 2) 30 mg of Zn/kg DM from tetra-basic ZnCl; 10 mg of Cu/kg DM from tri-basic CuCl; 20 mg of Mn/kg DM from tri-basic MnCl. Total fecal and urine output was measured daily for all steers during the 5 d collection period. Dry matter disappearance, apparent absorption, and apparent retention of Cu, Zn, and Mn were similar across treatments. In experiment 4, four-hundred cross-bred steers (initial BW 335 ± 9.6 kg) were utilized to investigate the effects of supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn concentration and source on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers fed a high concentrate steam flaked corn-based finishing diet for 159 d and zilpaterol hydrochloride for the last 21 d prior to slaughter. Treatments consisted of: sulfate) 90 mg of Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4; 17.5 mg of Cu/kg DM from CuSO4; 48 mg of Mn/kg DM from MnSO4; IB-1) 30 mg of Zn/kg DM from Zn Hydroxychloride; 10 mg of Cu/kg DM from basic Cu chloride ; 20 mg of Mn/kg DM from Mn Hydroxychloride; IB-2) 45 mg of Zn/kg DM from Hydroxychloride; 12.5 mg of Cu/kg DM basic Cu chloride; 29.5 mg of Mn/kg DM from Mn Hydroxychloride; IB-3) 60 mg of Zn/kg DM from Zn Hydroxychloride; 15 mg of Cu/kg DM from basic Cu chloride; 39 mg of Mn/kg DM from Mn Hydroxychloride ; and IB-4) 90 mg of Zn/kg DM from Zn Hydroxychloride; 17.5 mg of Cu/kg DM from basic Cu chloride; 48 mg of Mn/kg DM from Mn Hydroxychloride. No differences were observed for final body weight (P > 0.42). Overall ADG, DMI, and feed efficiency were similar across treatments. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, yield grade, LMA, adjusted fat thickness, KPH, and marbling score were similar across treatments. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn in liver and blood samples collected on d 112 and at harvest were similar across treatments. Overall data collected from these 4 experiments indicate that under the conditions of these experiments, supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn concentration and source had no impact on any of the response variables measured.Item Open Access Influence of trace mineral concentration and source on yearling feedlot steer performance, carcass characteristics, and trace mineral status(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2013) Berrett, Cari J., author; Engle, Terry E., advisor; Wagner, John J., committee member; Brummer, Joe E., committee memberEffects of trace mineral (TM) concentration and source on yearling feedlot steer performance, carcass characteristics, and liver TM status, were determined utilizing 360 crossbred steers (initial BW=350 ± 4.0 kg). Steers were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (10pens/treatment; 9 hd/pen). Treatments consisted of: 1) negative control (NC), no supplemental TM (basal diet contained 7.65 mg Cu/kg DM, 50.5 mg Zn/kg DM, 27.7 mg Mn/kg DM, and 0.12 mg Co/kg DM); 2) basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO4, 30 mg Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4, 20 mg Mn/kg DM from MnSO4, 0.50 mg I/kg DM from EDDI, 0.10 mg Se/kg DM from Na2O3Se, and 0.10 mg Co/kg DM from CoCO3 (NRC); 3) basal diet supplemented with inorganic forms of Cu, Zn, Mn, EDDI, Se and Co at consulting nutritionist recommendations (CNI, 20, 100, 50, 0.50, 0.20, and 0.20 mg of mineral/kg DM, respectively); and 4) basal diet supplemented with 66.6% inorganic and 33.4% organic Cu, Zn, Mn and Co, and inorganic forms of I and Se at iso-concentration to consulting nutritionist recommendations of treatment 3 (CNO). All steers were fed a high concentrate, steam-flaked, corn-based diet for 154 d. Steers were individually weighed on d -1, 0, 35, 121, 153, and 154. Continuous data were analyzed on a pen mean basis using a mixed model appropriate for a randomized block design (fixed effects = treatment and time; random effect = replicate). Categorical data were analyzed utilizing GLIMMIX (fixed effect = treatment; random effect = replicate). Initial and final BW, ADG, DMI, F:G and G:F ratios and calculated net energy recoveries were similar (P > 0.23) across treatments. Subcutaneous adipose tissue depth, HCW, KPH, yield grade, marbling score, and quality grade were similar across treatments (P > 0.17). Final liver Zn, Mn, Se, and Co concentrations were similar across treatments (P > 0.37). Under the conditions of this experiment, it appears that basal dietary concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co were adequate for growth and performance of finishing yearling feedlot steers. For experiment 2, an in vitro analysis was utilized to determine "releasability" of trace minerals from the basal diets fed in experiment 1. Three tubes for each treatment ration as listed for experiment 1 were incubated for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h in a 3:1 ratio of modified McDougall (1984) buffer and rumen fluid taken from steers fed high a concentrate finishing diet. Dry matter disappearance percentage was similar across treatments (P > 0.49). Percent Cu released was significantly different (P > 0.02) for treatment where NC was less than Suppl, and percent Zn released was also significant (P > 0.0004) for treatment NC was also lower than Suppl. From the simulated conditions of the second experiment, it appears there are differences in the ration "releaseabilities" of Cu and Zn from the simulated abomasal and ruminal conditions from treatment diets.Item Open Access Interaction of copper source, bile composition on microbial growth, and Cu protein homeostasis(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Arnold, Mark Alan, author; Engle, Terry E., advisor; Wagner, John J., committee member; Van Metre, David C., committee memberOne hundred twenty weaned nursery pigs (6.12 ± 0.56 kg) were utilized in this experiment to determine the effects of Cu concentration and source on performance, bile components, Cu metabolism, and gastrointestinal microbial distribution in nursery pigs blocked by weight and gender and placed in pens containing 5 pigs of similar weight distribution per pen. Pigs were fed one of four dietary treatments for 21 or 22d. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (5 mg of Cu/kg from CuSO 4); 2) 250 mg of Cu/kg from CuSO 4, (250-sulfate) 3) 75 mg of Cu/kg from Cu-MINTREX®Cu (75-Min; Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO), and 4) 75 mg of Cu/kg from CuSO4 (75-sulfate). On d 22 and 23, equal numbers of pigs per treatment were slaughtered. Post slaughter, blood, liver, intestinal tissue and contents, and bile samples were obtained. Body weights, ADG, and ADFI were similar across treatments (P > 0.20). Feed efficiency was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs receiving 250-sulfate compared to controls (0.53 vs. 0.43 ± 0.03, respectively), and pigs fed 75-Min (0.47 ± 0.03) or 75-sulfate (0.44 ± 0.03) were intermediate. Pigs receiving 250-sulfate had greater (P < 0.05) bile (7.05 vs. 2.06 ± 0.49; respectively) and liver (124.4 vs. 53.3. ± 24.6, respectively) Cu concentrations than controls. Bile components, intestinal bacterial populations, and small intestine gene expression profiles (Ctr-1, Atox-1, Cox-17, ATP7a, and ATP7b) associated with Cu absorption and homeostasis were similar across treatments (P > 0.20). Antimicrobial effects of bile (determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition; mm) tended (P < 0.20) to be higher for 250-sulfate and 75-Min treatments compared to controls. Data from this experiment indicated that Cu dose influenced pig performance, but dose or source did not influence measured bile components, intestinal bacterial populations, or intestinal gene expression profiles associated with Cu absorption.Item Open Access Propionibacteriaium acidipropionici CP 88 dose alters in vivo and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Levenson, Jonah, author; Engle, Terry E., advisor; Wagner, John J., committee member; Torres-Henderson, Camille, committee memberTwelve steers, fitted with rumen canulae were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to examine the impact of the direct fed microbial Propionibacteria acidipropionici (PA) on rumen fermentation characteristics. All steers were housed together in one pen equipped with GrowSafe feed intake monitoring stations and one Greenfeed system used to estimate in vivo methane production. Steers were fed a corn silage-based diet throughout the experiment. Treatments consisted of PA administered at: 1) 0.0; 2) 1.0 x 108; 3)1.0 x 109; and 4) 1.0 x 1010 CFU∙animal-1∙day-1. Treatments were administered directly into the rumen as a single bolus dose daily. On day 7 and 14 of each period, rumen fluid was collected from each steer 2 h post treatment administration for VFA analysis and for determining in vitro fermentation characteristics. Following a 14-d washout period, animal treatments were switched, and the experiment repeated. Data were analyzed as a 4 x 4 Latin square design. In vivo propionic acid molar proportions (25.4 vs 23.6±0.24 mM) and total VFA concentrations (125.2 vs 121.3±1.87 mM) were greater (P < 0.05) in steers receiving PA when compared to controls. In vitro DM disappearance (P < 0.05; 63.3% vs 59.2%±1.12) and total VFA (P < 0.05; 147.9 vs 145.2±1.76 mM) were greater and methane (ml/g DMD) lesser (P < 0.04; vs 13.1 vs 15.6±0.11) in fermentation vessels incubated with rumen fluid from animals receiving PA when compared to controls. Dry matter disappearance (P < 0.03) and propionic acid (P < 0.04) increased linearly as dose of PA increased. In vitro total VFA tended (P < 0.08) to increase linearly and methane production tended (P < 0.09) to decrease quadratically in response PA dose. In vivo methane production was similar across treatments. In conclusion, PA addition improved in vivo and in vitro rumen fermentation, gas production, and rumen microbial manipulation.Item Open Access The influence of propionibacteria on in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro lactic acid clearance rate in fistulated steers fed moderately high concentrate diets(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Gifford, Ryan J., author; Engle, Terry E., advisor; Wagner, John J., committee member; Torres-Henderson, Camille, committee memberThe objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of a direct fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro lactic acid clearance. Fistulated steers (n = 6) were sorted into two groups of three steers, randomly assigned to one of two treatments, and fed a moderately high concentrate diet (14.9% CP, 1.17 Mcal/kg NEg, and 28.3% NDF) for 21 d prior to beginning the experiment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (No DFM; carrier only) or 2) DFM (0.225g∙animal-1∙day-1 of 4.45x 1010 CFU/g of Propionibacteria acidipropionici - CP88). Treatments were administered daily, directly into the rumen via the cannula as a single bolus dose at the time of feeding. Immediately after treatment administration, the rumen contents were thoroughly mixed by hand. Two hours post feeding, rumen pH was determined, and rumen contents were sampled and analyzed for short chain fatty acids (SCFA), daily. On d 7 and 14, rumen fluid was collected from all steers and subjected to an in vitro lactic acid clearance challenge. Lactic acid and SCFA concentrations were determined at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h post-incubation. After d 14, all cattle received the basal diet for 21 d. On d 22, treatment crossover was implemented, and the experiment repeated. Data were analyzed by a mixed effects completely randomized block design (Proc Mixed, SAS Inst. Carey, NC). There were no treatment x block, treatment x time, or treatment x block x time interactions for any in vivo or in vitro rumen variables measured. Propionic acid concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) and total SCFA tended (P < 0.06) to be greater in rumen fluid from steers receiving DFM compared to controls. Other in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics were similar. D- and total lactic acid concentrations but not L+ lactic acid concentrations were lesser (P < 0.05) at 3 h post incubation in vitro, for steers receiving DFM. D-, L+, and total lactic acids concentrations were similar between control and DFM treatments at 0, 6, and 9 h post incubation. In vitro molar proportions of propionic acid and total SCFA concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) and acetic acid molar proportions were lesser (P < 0.05) in steers receiving DFM. Collectively, under the conditions of this experiment, these data indicate that the DFM test article (P. acidipropionici - CP88) used in this experiment alters rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo, and in vitro, and lactic acid utilization in vitro.