Browsing by Author "Swaim, Randall, committee member"
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Item Open Access Adverse childhood experiences, stress, and emotional availability: an American Indian context(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Saunders, Hannah E., author; Biringen, Zeynep, advisor; MacPhee, David, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Sarche, Michelle, committee memberAmerican Indian individuals are at a heightened risk for experiencing trauma and high levels of life stress. Despite a preponderance of research demonstrating the long-term detrimental effects of early trauma on physical and mental health, no study has yet examined how caregivers' own traumatic experiences impact their children's social-emotional health. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which caregivers' trauma, stress, and mental health was associated with child social-emotional functioning. Results indicated that caregivers' early traumatic experiences have long-term effects on their own mental health, as well as their child's. These findings highlight the importance of assessing and intervening upon the effects of early life trauma. The secondary purpose of this study was to validate the Emotional Availability Scales, a measure of the parent-child relationship quality, in an American Indian/Alaska Native community. Results demonstrated that higher emotional availability, particularly structuring, was related to children's social-emotional competence, and lower caregiver non-hostility was associated with child externalizing symptoms. These results call attention to the relevance of multiple indicators of the quality of caregiver-child relationships, rather than a sole focus on sensitivity.Item Open Access American Indian adolescent methamphetamine use: an examination of region/identity variations and the impact of protective factors(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Fredrickson, Gereon J., author; Prince, Mark, advisor; Emery, Noah, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Zimmerman, Toni, committee memberObjective: Studies suggest that American Indians (AI) have high rates of methamphetamine use and indicate that AI youth have a significantly higher prevalence of past year methamphetamine use relative to non-Hispanic Whites. Methamphetamine use has been associated with an increased risk of morbidity and many adverse long-term effects. Minimal research explores region and identity differences with methamphetamine use and primarily focuses on risk-factors that lead to higher levels of use. The proposed study sought to identify protective factors that increase abstinence and reduce patterns of use among adolescent AIs by exploring the impact of parental monitoring, positive social/peer support, positive self-esteem, ethnic pride, and ethnic experience on age of initiation and past-year methamphetamine use. Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of survey data collected form an epidemiological research study with AI youth. The current study uses data collected from the Fall of 2015 through the Fall of 2019. Participants included 14,769 adolescents, grades 7-12th, from 103 different schools, across seven distinct regions of the contiguous United States. Analysis Plan: Since lifetime methamphetamine use was reported in only 3.7% of the data, past-year use was dichotomized to account for varying modeling effects and model convergence. Means, frequencies, and standard deviations were calculated for all variables as well as bivariate correlations. To model the protective factors, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used which included testing for model fit and psychometrics of the protective factor scales. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were completed to determine fit of the items for each protective factor, with invariance testing at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. Firth's Penalized Likelihood logistic regression and censored regressions were used to examine direct effects between the five protective factors (parental monitoring, positive peer/social influence, self-esteem, ethnic pride, and ethnic experience) and two methamphetamine use outcome variables (i.e., age of initiation and past-year use). Results: Key findings in this study were that males in middle school that identified as AI-multi-ethnic living in the Northeast region and males in high school that identified as AI-multi-ethnic living in the Southern Great Plains region endorsed significantly more methamphetamine use in the past year with an earlier age of initiation. Additionally, parental knowledge, positive peer/social influence, and internal self-esteem increased the likelihood for AI adolescents to have not initiated methamphetamine use. Lastly, parental knowledge, positive peer/social influence, internal and external self-esteem, and ethnic experience factors were significant in increasing the likelihood that AI adolescents did not engage in methamphetamine use in the past year. Conclusions: This study provides powerful recommendations for programs that target AI adolescent methamphetamine use to further prevent initiation and build resilience. It demonstrates the need to foster parental knowledge, positive peer/social influence, self-esteem, and ethnic experience as protective factors. Understanding these factors within the AI community that contribute to positive outcomes for adolescents can help further programs, schools, and communities as prevention strategies implore techniques to maximize effectiveness in reducing overall AI adolescent substance use. Further, these results have implications for future research on prevention of AI adolescent methamphetamine use.Item Open Access Association of ethnic identity and perceived discrimination with risk behaviors for multi-ethnic emerging adults(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Wensink, Jamie M., author; Le, Thao, advisor; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Palermo, Francisco, committee member; MacPhee, David, committee memberThe purpose of this study is to gain insight about the risk behaviors of multiethnic emerging adults by exploring whether ethnic identity and perceived discrimination are associated with individuals’ participation in risk behaviors. Risk behaviors include unsafe sex, drug and alcohol use, and co-occurring risk behaviors including car-related risk behaviors. The sample of participants were selected from the original sample of approximately 10,500 college students in the Multi-site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC) who are part of the emerging adult population, 17-25 years old. With the increased complexity of multi-ethnic emerging adults having to navigate through multiple identities, it was hypothesized that (1) multi-ethnic emerging adults engage in more risk behaviors than mono-ethnic emerging adults; (2) multi-ethnic emerging adults score lower on ethnic identity and higher on perceived discrimination than mono-ethnic emerging adults; (3) ethnic identity is negatively associated with and perceived discrimination will be positively associated with the risk behaviors among multi-ethnic and mono-ethnic emerging adults; and (4) the relation between ethnicity classification for emerging adults and risky behaviors is mediated by ethnic identity and perceived discrimination. The following measures were used: Ethnic Identity Scale, Perceived Discrimination Subscale from the Scale of Ethnic Experience, and Risk Behavior Questions. Analyses consisted of correlations, r-tests, and regressions. Results revealed that multi-ethnic emerging adults did not score higher on risk behaviors as compared to mono-ethnic emerging adults. On the other hand, results did reveal that multi-ethnic emerging adults scored higher on perceived discrimination, which supports the second hypothesis. Correlation analyses for mono-ethnic emerging adults revealed that ethnic identity exploration, affirmation, and resolution were negatively associated with all risk behaviors. In addition, perceived discrimination was positively associated with correlated risks. For multi-ethnic emerging adults, there were negative associations among the following: ethnic identity exploration with alcohol-related risks; ethnic identity affirmation with all risk behaviors; and ethnic identity resolutions with total risk behaviors. However, perceived discrimination was not positively associated with risk behaviors. Furthermore, mono-ethnic classification was found to be associated with alcohol-related risk behaviors, which was contrary to expectations. Mediation results suggested that perceived discrimination was possibly a full mediator; however, the Sobel test statistic revealed that it was not statistically significant. Further investigation is needed to untangle the relationship between mono- vs. multi-ethnic identification and risk outcomes, as well as the processes and mechanisms associated with the connection.Item Open Access College student adaptation to childhood adversity: a model of stress and resilience(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Cole, Megan Twomey, author; Rosen, Lee, advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Biringen, Zeynep, committee memberA model of resilience was tested in a college sample of 672 students. Data were collected on the association of negative life events and college adjustment. The influence of Neuroticism, coping style, and social/emotional resources was also studied. Structural equation modeling procedures were used to analyze these data, and a moderating effect of gender was hypothesized. Results provided support for the hypothesized model and indicated that stress, Neuroticism, Engagement coping, and social/emotional resources have important implications for adjustment. Specifically, it was found that the experience of negative life events was positively associated with elevated levels of Neuroticism for both men and women. Neuroticism, in turn, was associated with Disengagement coping as well as a decrease in social/emotional resource availability. Neuroticism was also negatively associated with college adjustment, though Neuroticism was somewhat more strongly related to college adjustment for females. Coping styles were also related to the availability of social/emotional resources, such that the use of Engagement coping was associated with greater resource availability. Furthermore, results indicated the presence of a positive relationship between Engagement coping and college adjustment, whereas no relationship was observed between college adjustment and Disengagement coping. Surprisingly, results suggested the presence of no relationship between /emotional resources and adjustment to college. Additional analyses examined social the relationship between life events and adjustment, and it was found that those disproportionately experiencing more negative life events reported poorer college adjustment. Possible explanations for the observed findings are considered. Implications for practice are discussed.Item Open Access Exploring staff clinical knowledge and practice with LGBT residents in long-term care: a grounded theory of cultural competency and training needs(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Donaldson, Weston Verlaine, author; Vacha-Haase, Tammi, advisor; Davalos, Deana, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Wood, Wendy, committee memberProviding culturally competent care to LGBT residents is an important area of concern in the current practice of long-term care (LTC) staff and providers. Existing literature shows that LGBT residents are likely to face discrimination and suboptimal care in LTC facilities due to homophobia, transphobia, and heteronormative/cisnormative policies. This grounded theory study assessed the LGBT cultural competency that exists among staff working in LTC facilities, and provides a framework for understanding how their knowledge, skills, and attitudes with respect to LGBT residents are connected to their ability to care for those populations. The core category identified in this study was "staff sensitivity to minority sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) of residents." Main categories reflected the ways that competency, awareness, knowledge, experience with LGBT people, attitudes toward LGBT people, and current training needs reflect staff sensitivity to resident SOGI. Recommendations are made for training LTC staff to be sensitive to the particular needs of sexual and gender minorities in their facilities.Item Open Access How students experience their Christian faith in the public high school: a narrative study(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Moreno-Knittel, Bernadine Marie, author; Anderson, Sharon, advisor; Davies, Timothy, advisor; Makela, Carole, committee member; Poplin, Mary, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee memberThis study was a result of professional experience working with Christian students in a public high school and how they integrated their Christian faith into the academic, social/emotional, and career domains identified in the American School Counseling Association (ASCA) model. In addition the researcher's personal reflection about her Christian worldview influenced her professionally and personally as well as enabled her to gain knowledge and understanding of her beliefs and values. With narrative inquiry it is imperative that the researcher possesses the same background knowledge in order to fully understand the experiences of the interviewees and in return write their story with fidelity by keeping their voice central to the research. In the school counseling literature spirituality is considered important and worthy of exploration; however, researchers encourage school counselors to view it as "meaning making" rather than in a religious context. That said, counselors are encouraged to incorporate spirituality into a Comprehensive School Counseling Program as long as religion is kept separate. The researcher chose narrative inquiry to share the stories of four Christian students' experiences in a public high school. These students share their Christian upbringing and how a variety of micro-systems including family, church, youth camps and other religious activities, and peers influenced their faith. The students share how they integrated their faith into the classroom; relationships with faculty, peers, boyfriend or girlfriend; extracurricular activities; decision making; and coping. In addition three of the four students shared their experiences transitioning into higher education. Their individual stories are presented in letter format with a composite interpretation of the four stories. The researcher shares her findings with three audiences including the research community, professional colleagues, and the students' parents. The researcher's hope is these audiences will listen to these four students' experiences related to their Christian walk in a public high school and gain an understanding and appreciation for their Christian worldview. Equally important is that readers engage in personal reflection of their own worldview and how this impacts how they work and relate to the students they teach, counsel, and or raise.Item Open Access Identity integration and family ethnic socialization as moderators of acculturation stress and psychological outcomes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Johansen, Samantha van Limbeek, author; Le, Thao N., advisor; MacPhee, David, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee memberAcculturation stress is the stress associated with navigating between the dominant culture and one's culture of origin. This stress can be particularly daunting for young people as they are also grappling with issues of identity. For some, the stress can pose a risk for poor psychological outcomes such as depression and anxiety (Choi et al., 2008; Suarez-Morales & Lopez, 2009). As societies like the United States become more ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse (American Psychological Association, 2003), multiculturalism and acculturation become increasingly important areas to study. Although it can be straining, research suggests that individuals living among multiple cultures benefit, in terms of positive psychological outcomes, if they are able to develop a bicultural or multicultural identity (Bacallao & Smokowski, 2009; Suarez-Orozco & Suarez-Orozco, 2001). Studies have also highlighted the importance of family factors such as support and solidarity in terms of facilitating positive psychological outcomes (Bacallao & Smokowski, 2005; Choi et al., 2007; Rivera, 2007). The current study uses an existing multisite data set, the Multiple University Survey on Identity and Culture (MUSIC) data set (2008). The survey targeted all undergraduate students at multiple universities across the United States and included individuals between ages 17-25 (N=10,572). For the purpose of this study, only individuals who indicated 1st generation or 2nd generation immigrant status were included (N= 3,654). Multivariate statistical analyses were then conducted in terms of multiple regressions. An integrated bicultural identity was a significant moderator of acculturation stress and psychological well-being, as was family ethnic socialization (FES). This indicates that individuals who have resolved identities and are low on conflict are more likely to have higher levels of psychological well-being in the face of acculturation stress. In turn, individuals whose families engage in more FES are more likely to have higher levels of psychological well-being in the face of acculturation stress. FES, however did not moderate the relationship between acculturation stress and maladaptive psychological outcomes such as depression and social anxiety. Bicultural identity distance and ethnic identity resolution were significant moderators of depression and social anxiety (respectively) in the face of acculturation stress. It is becoming clearer, in the field of human development, that addressing youth risk factors and vulnerabilities does not necessarily mean that we are finding ways to promote positive youth outcomes. What this study highlights is the notion that one can still find ways to promote well-being in the face of acculturation stress even though vulnerabilities to maladaptive outcomes have not been entirely eliminated.Item Open Access Long-term care residents: the relationship between perceived justice and quality of life, satisfaction with staff, and psychological sense of community(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Brescian, Natalie E., author; Vacha-Haase, Tammi, advisor; Rickard, Kathryn, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; McGrew, John, committee memberThe present study explored the relationship among justice perceptions and mental health-related quality of life (QOL), satisfaction with long-term care (LTC) facility staff, and psychological sense of community (PSOC) in LTC residents. The study was exploratory in nature because it examined the experience of living in LTC based on a new framework. One-hundred and seven participants completed a survey containing items measuring justice, PSOC, satisfaction with staff and QOL. Data was analyzed using correlational and hierarchical regression analyses. Results indicated that the three types of justice (interactional, procedural, and distributive) demonstrated positive correlations with mental-health related QOL, satisfaction with staff, and PSOC. Additionally, two separate hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the relationship between justice and satisfaction with staff, and PSOC were significant after controlling for functional status and physical health-related QOL. Physical health-related QOL emerged as the only predictor of mental health-related QOL. Implications for LTC residents and directions for future research are discussed.Item Open Access Mental health diagnosis and perceptions of juvenile delinquent behaviors: the impact of ethnicity(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Malach, Steffany L., author; Rosen, Lee A., advisor; Bloom, Larry J., committee member; Bundy-Fazioli, Kimberly, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee memberRecent reports indicate that as much as 60 to 75 percent of youth in the juvenile justice system have been diagnosed with a mental health disorder. Reports further indicate a wide disparity of disposition at all stages of juvenile judicial decision-making according to a juvenile’s ethnicity. Delinquent behavior is often a symptom of commonly occurring childhood mental health disorders, and differences based on ethnicity in both entrance into the juvenile justice system, outcomes of adjudication, and referral to mental health resources has yet to be widely explored. The present study sought to examine how the presence of a mental health diagnosis affects perceptions of juveniles of different ethnicities who engage in delinquent behaviors. Eight hundred forty six female and male university undergraduates read one of six vignettes depicting a juvenile, who was presented as Hispanic, African American, or Non-Hispanic White, engaged in a delinquent behavior. The juvenile was identified as having either ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression, Abuse/Neglect, or No Mental Illness. Participants expressed their perception of the juvenile’s culpability for the given behavior, their conceptualization of the juvenile’s character, and rated the amount of punishment and treatment they recommended. Results indicated that knowledge about a juvenile’s ethnicity did not affect the amount of psychiatric treatment or seventy of punishment recommended for the juvenile, nor did it significantly impact overall conceptualization or willingness to forgive the Juvenile. Having received information about the juvenile’s mental health status, however, was shown to affect how positively or negatively the juvenile was viewed in general, the amount of psychiatric treatment recommended, and the severity of recommended punishment. Results further indicated that female participants were more likely to forgive the juvenile for his behavior than were males. Implications of these findings for the juvenile justice system are discussed.Item Open Access Moderation and mediation of the spirituality and subjective well-being relation(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Sargent, Adam M., author; Dik, Bryan, advisor; Steger, Michael, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Snodgrass, Jeffrey, committee memberThe present study aims to replicate the finding that spirituality correlates positively with subjective well-being and examines important moderating and mediating variables within this relationship (Koenig and Larson, 2001; Hill and Pargament, 2003). First, spiritual affiliation (religious denomination) is tested as a moderating variable and is found to significantly moderate the positive relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being furthering the case that spiritual affiliation should be considered in this line of research. Next, social support, spiritual support, spiritual strivings, and meaning in life are tested as mediators of the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being. Social support, spiritual support, and spiritual goals/strivings are not found to mediate the relation between spirituality and subjective well-being, but meaning in life fully mediates this relationship suggesting that meaning in life may play a key role in understanding the spirituality and subjective well-being relation. Finally, a combined mediated moderation analysis is tested with spiritual affiliation as the moderating variable and meaning in life as the mediating variable. Evidence for mediated moderation was not found. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.Item Open Access Resource competition and ageism: a study of the influence of employment scarcity on the endorsement of ageist attitudes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Ospina, Javier H., author; Cleveland, Jeanette, advisor; Gibbons, Alyssa, committee member; Henle, Chris, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee memberThe major economic recession of 2007, which has disproportionately affected younger workers, and the rapid growth of the older population have created an environment where younger persons are economically disenfranchised and a highly visible older population persists in the labor force at a time when jobs are scarce. Intergenerational conflict may arise under these conditions due to perceived competition over economic resources, consistent with Realistic Group Conflict Theory, which posits that negative intergroup perceptions arise when the success of one group is threatened by another, potentially leading to intergroup hostility. Younger workers may perceive older workers as a threat to their economic well-being and thus harbor ageist perceptions about them. To test this hypothesis, survey data was collected from 395 participants using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. The survey collected information about current employment status, duration of longest unemployment, number of peers unemployed, underemployment, job insecurity, and endorsement of ageist beliefs. Work centrality was investigated as a potential moderator for these relationships and perception of threat felt from older persons as a potential mediator. Results indicated that underemployment and job insecurity were both significant predictors of ageism. Workers who experienced greater underemployment or job insecurity were more likely to harbor ageist beliefs. Additionally, work centrality moderated relationships between peer unemployment and ageism, and perception of threat from older persons mediated relationships between underemployment/job insecurity and ageism. This study provides insight into how perceptions of age are influenced by economic factors and how a vulnerable group in society is affected during periods of economic turmoil.Item Open Access Seeking or risk: mental health symptoms and associated behaviors in college student-athletes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Davis, Samuel R., author; Prince, Mark A., advisor; Conner, Bradley T., committee member; Butki, Brian, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee memberCollege mental health symptomatology is highly prevalent on college campuses across the nation. College student-athletes experience mental health issues at similar rates to their non-athlete peers. However, most colleges and universities do not have formal plans to address their student-athletes' mental health concerns. Considering the heterogeneity in experiences with mental health issues like anxiety and depression, applying person-centered analyses may help discern unidentified subgroups of student-athletes at greater risk of negative outcomes. The present study used latent class analysis to discern unidentified subgroups of student-athletes mental health symptoms and determine whether subgroups were associated with varying rates of help-seeking behaviors, health risk behaviors, and performance-related outcomes. Results indicated that a five-class model best fit the data, and that this model did not fit equally well for a comparative sample of non-student-athletes. Patterns of symptom endorsement within these classes ranged from high endorsement of all symptoms within the past month, to recent endorsement of feeling overwhelmed and exhausted, to no current or past-year mental health symptoms. Subsequent auxiliary testing identified classes of mental health symptoms associated with higher likelihood of engagement in health-risk behaviors and issues that could affect athletic performance. This study represented the first effort to discern latent subgroups of student-athletes characterized by varying experiences with mental health symptoms. Findings from the present study can help identify at-risk student-athletes in need of mental health support to attenuate symptom distress and mitigate negative consequences associated with these concerns. Further, athletic departments can use these findings to integrate simple mental health screening tools already circulating at schools across the nation to better support their student-athletes' mental health concerns. Potential application of these screening tools and treatment planning options are discussed.Item Embargo Self-esteem mediating the relationship between parental monitoring and American Indian cannabis use(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Haruyama, Dorothy, author; Chavez, Ernest, advisor; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Prince, Mark, committee member; Riggs, Nathaniel, committee memberAdolescents are one of the largest age groups using cannabis in the U.S. Cannabis use has been associated with a variety of negative mental health outcomes and is a risk factor for the development of Cannabis Use Disorder. Among adolescents, minority populations like American Indians use cannabis at much greater rates and initiate at a younger age. While parental monitoring has generally been found to be a protective factor in adolescent substance use, limited research exists with American Indian youth examining specific domains of parental monitoring such as parental knowledge, parental control, child disclosure and parental solicitation. Similarly, while some studies have explored self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between parental monitoring and adolescent substance use, fewer studies have examined how specific domains of parental monitoring may interact with specific domains of self-esteem. The current study tested a mediation model of parental monitoring factors and cannabis use among American Indian youth by internal (interpersonal) and external (intrapersonal) self-esteem. Data obtained from students in grades 7-12 attending schools on, or near reservations, throughout the United States during two academic years (2018-2019) was used. Results supported hypotheses that parental monitoring factors individually related positively to internal and external self-esteem and furthermore negatively related to American Indian youth cannabis use. However, while internal self-esteem was related to cannabis use, external self-esteem was not. The mediation model was supported as each parental monitoring factor had an indirect effect on cannabis use via internal self-esteem. Results from this study being used to inform clinical interventions for the treatment and prevention of cannabis use disorder for American Indian youth is discussed.Item Open Access Smoking patterns, attitudes, and motives of college student daily and nondaily smokers(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) da Rocha Rosa, Juliana, author; Aloise-Young, Patricia, advisor; Henry, Kimberly, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Riggs, Nathaniel, committee memberTo further expand on the existing research on college student smokers, the aims of the current study were threefold: (1) to use a the 17-item College Students Motives for Smoking Scale (CSMSS) to identify different subtypes of daily and nondaily student smokers present across different colleges and universities, (2) to investigate whether smoking variables such as smoking frequency, smoking environment, cigarette purchasing habits, products used, cessation efficacy, and alcohol use patterns predict typologies of college student smokers, and (3) to investigate whether subgroups of college student smokers differ on attitudinal variables such as health-related attitudes, smoker identity attitudes, smoking secrecy, smoker image, and perceived feelings of stigma. Participants included 876 students smokers between the ages of 18 and 24 enrolled at a four-year university or college. Results of the Latent Profile Analysis using the CSMSS revealed that five typologies of smokers were present in the sample. Three of these typologies were nondaily smokers: (1) stress/emotional regulation smokers, (2) low endorser smokers, and (3) nondependent smokers. The remaining two typologies, high endorser smokers and addiction/dependence smokers, were daily smokers. An LPA with covariates revealed that days smoked, purchasing patterns, and environment in which smoking occurs were all predictive of membership within the three nondaily smoker typologies. These constructs as well as cessation efficacy predicted membership between nondaily smoker typologies and daily smoker typologies. Lastly, an LPA with outcomes revealed that the nondaily smoker typologies differed from the daily smoker typologies on smoker identity, perceived stigma towards use, smoker image, secrecy of use, and perceived harm of current use.   In general, the current study found that motives for smoking can differentiate between daily and nondaily smokers. However, the CSMSS was not as effective at distinguishing within the nondaily smoker typology. The current study also showed that nondaily smokers and daily smokers differed on both their smoking behaviors and their attitudes towards smoking. Future research should continue to investigate better methods of distinguishing within nondaily smoker and daily smoker typologies.Item Open Access Substance use, risk, and protective factors among Indigenous youth: an examination of evidence from recent decades(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Fetterling, Theodore J., author; Prince, Mark, advisor; Riggs, Nathaniel, committee member; Emery, Noah, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee memberAmerican Indian (AI) youth have consistently been identified as an at-risk population for elevated rates of substance use relative to non-AI peers. Reliance upon single-site and regional substance use research with Indigenous samples has led to substantial variability in the magnitude of estimates in the extant literature. This variability is exacerbated by demographic differences shown to influence substance use prevalence as well as the ceremonial use of tobacco in many tribes. Ceremonial practices involving tobacco also present a unique impact on perceptions of availability and harm of substances, however little research has investigated the salience of these perceptions as either risk or protective factors among AI youth. The present study addresses the variability in estimates and limited representation of AI youth by consolidating nearly three decades of repeated cross-sectional data to provide accurate and precise estimates of alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use. The hypotheses that perceived availability and harm would differentially predict substance use among AI youth compared to White peers were also tested. Method. The sample was drawn from data collected between 1993-2019 as part of ongoing epidemiology research with reservation-dwelling AI youth and White peers. Descriptive statistics were used to provide substance use estimates for alcohol, cannabis, and cigarettes, stratified by race/ethnicity (i.e., AI vs White), grade group, sex, and region. After stratifying for demographic comparisons, estimates were presented for each year of available data and aggregated across years for all substance use variables. Binary logistic and quasi-Poisson regressions were used to test study hypotheses regarding the influence of perceived availability and harm on substance use separately for AI and White youth. A subset of years was selected for an exploratory application of time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) for trend analysis. Results. Similar patterns emerged across demographic comparisons for average cannabis use, showing elevated rates among AI youth relative to White peers. Average lifetime prevalence of cigarettes was consistently higher among AI youth than White peers, however this pattern was not found for average frequency of cigarette use or for any average alcohol use comparison. Hypotheses were partially supported, in that perceived harm was significantly more protective for White youth than for AIs, but perceived availability showed no significant differences in protective influence for lifetime prevalence comparisons of any substance. TVEM trends mirrored descriptive statistic comparisons found for stratification by race/ethnicity and region. Discussion. Findings revealed stark contrasts in rates of substance use and the influences of perceived availability and harm between AI and White youth. These differences are interpreted within the context of historical trauma (HT) and ceremonial practices involving tobacco found in many Indigenous communities. For prevention and intervention programs to be culturally responsive, they should be developed at the community level and incorporate strategies for coping with HT. Additionally, distinguishing recreational tobacco use from ceremonial use can enhance accuracy of estimates in future epidemiology research and contribute to culturally informed prevention and intervention programming for AI youth.Item Open Access The coevolution of adolescent friendship networks and school outcomes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Dieterich, Sara E., author; Henry, Kimberly, advisor; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Graham, Daniel, committee member; Youngblade, Lise M., committee memberAdolescent underachievement and school disengagement are major problems with far-reaching consequences for both students and society. Approximately 25% of students in the U.S. do not graduate from high school (Education Week, 2013), and new and innovative interventions are of critical importance to raise the graduation rate to an acceptable level. The promotion of positive friendships may be one avenue for achieving this goal (Kindermann, 2007; Ryan, 2001). However, a better understanding of the relationship between friendships and school engagement is needed before we can determine if the promotion of positive friendships is likely to lead to academic engagement and effective interventions can be developed. Specifically, one key issue that is not fully understood is the interplay between influence and selection processes. Thus, the present study examined the extent to which adolescents become increasingly similar to their friends over time on school outcomes (i.e., influence processes) and the extent to which adolescents seek out other students to befriend over time that are already similar on these outcomes (i.e., selection processes) using a new modeling strategy, stochastic actor-based modeling, among 6th and 7th grade students. A significant selection effect was found for GPA; however, no other significant selection or influence effects were found for school bonding, values of education and achievement, or attendance. The results also show that gender did not moderate the effect of selection or influence for any of the school outcomes. Implications for prevention are discussed.Item Open Access The impact of adhering to masculine norms on the relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Nepute, Jeff, author; Dik, Bryan, advisor; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Richards, Tracy, committee member; Miller, Lisa, committee memberJob satisfaction (JS) has been shown to significantly predict life satisfaction (LS) across a large array of research (Tait, Padgett, & Baldwin, 1989), though the strength of the relationship varies (Steiner & Truxillo, 1987). Authors have suggested the difference in the strength of the relationship across studies may be due to the presence of moderators (Rain, Lane, & Steiner, 1991), particularly an individual's level of work importance (Lent & Brown, 2008). Unfortunately, the research on the moderating impact of work importance uses measures which lack sufficient validity and reliability evidence about their scores (Steiner & Truxillo, 1987). Steiner and Truxillo (1987) suggested Kanungo's ( 1982) Work Importance Questionnaire and Job Importance Questionnaire as a specific measure which would address this concern, though adherence to traditional masculine norms may also tap into the construct of work importance. Individuals who adhere to traditional masculine norms of the dominant culture in the U.S. often place even greater emphasis on their work role (Mahalik et al., 2003). The past literature on adherence to masculine norms has generally focused solely on negative outcomes (Kiselica & Englar-Carlson, 2010) and often samples including only mainly White, heterosexual men (Parent & Smiler, 2012). The current study explores the impact of potential moderators on the relationship between job and life satisfaction, examines how this relationship may vary across categories of identity, evaluates potential positive outcomes of adherence to masculine norms, and analyzes how adherence to masculine norms may vary across categories of identity. An online survey was given to 290 U.S. adults, working at least part time, about job satisfaction, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, job and work importance, and adherence to masculine norms. The results showed job satisfaction to predict life satisfaction, though did not find any significant moderating effect of any measure of work importance (work importance, job importance, primacy of work). The model explaining the largest amount of variance (45%) suggested that job satisfaction may have an indirect effect on life satisfaction, through positive and negative affect. The above results did not vary by gender (job satisfaction predicting life satisfaction, no significant moderators, mediation model). With regard to adherence to masculine norms, there were no relationship detected between positive outcomes and adherence. While the current sample did not have sufficient numbers to examine how adherence to masculine norms may vary by ethnicity and sexual orientation, differences between men and women were examined. Men showed significantly higher adherence to masculine norms, as well as higher adherence to specific norms of power over women, the use of violence, and frequently changing sexual partners. The results suggest the need for more complex models and statistical methods, using outside raters, selecting methods that can test causality, and intentionally selecting higher numbers of ethnic and sexual minorities. With regard to clinical implications, the study suggests the need to address values around help-seeking, focusing on strengths for adherence to masculine norms, and addressing barriers within therapy and barriers towards entering therapy for individuals with high self-reliance.Item Open Access Therapist responses to childhood sexual abuse disclosures(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Karwan, Arvind K., author; Chavez, Ernest, advisor; Bloom, Larry, advisor; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Bishop, Pamela, committee memberThe present study investigated possible differences in how male and female therapists respond to a disclosure of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) from a male or female client. A total of N = 249 practicing psychologists read a vignette describing a disclosure of CSA by a client. Participants were then asked to complete quantitative and qualitative measures on disclosure responses, attitudes toward survivors of CSA, and socially desirable response patterns. Multivariate analyses indicated that, after accounting for attitudes toward survivors of CSA, male and female therapists did not significantly differ on their responses to a CSA disclosure, and that male and female clients did not elicit significantly different responses. Data from the present study was compared with that of a previous study on college student responses to CSA disclosures. These post-hoc analyses revealed that college students were more likely than therapists to provide emotionally supportive, distracting, and egocentric responses to a CSA disclosure. Analyses also revealed that therapists endorsed significantly more negative attitudes toward survivors of CSA than college students. Implications for clinical practice and future directions for research are discussed.Item Open Access What path should I take? A qualitative study exploring the process of widowhood for older women(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Coochise, Jodi L., author; Vacha-Haase, Tammi, advisor; Rickard, Kathryn, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Matheson, Jennifer, committee memberThe present qualitative study explored the process older adult women experience as they navigate their course through widowhood. Interviews were conducted with 10 women over the age of 55 to investigate what factors went in to their decisions regarding coping with the loss of their spouse. Findings suggest that women looked to others for guidance and advice in navigating multiple aspects of their experience. They turned to peers with experience of a similar loss, listened to their internal voice of what was a good fit, and focused on taking one day at a time. Messages from others, the perceived expectations of others, and their own internal expectations also shaped their widowhood experience. Ultimately, they had to determine what coping strategies were a good match and provided some relief from their distress. The findings suggest that widowed women may benefit from exploring the input received from others, increasing awareness around the messages received from family regarding loss and encouragement to utilize their internal voice as a guide for creating their own unique experience of grief.