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Browsing by Author "Seger, Carol A., committee member"

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    Isolating partial recollection as a distinct entity in recognition memory using a modified recognition without identification (RWI) paradigm
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Ryals, Anthony J., author; Cleary, Anne M., advisor; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Clegg, Benjamin A., committee member; Volbrecht, Vicki J., committee member; Rickey, Dawn, committee member
    In dual-process recognition memory research, recollection is believed to involve bringing to mind a specific prior occurrence, a target item, or the contextual details surrounding a past experience. Prior research has suggested that when recollection fails, individuals can still rely on a sense of familiarity to judge whether something has been experienced before, and the two processes may be dissociable. However, many recognition memory methods index recollection in a binary fashion such that it is treated as an all-or none occurrence. To the contrary, some research suggests that recollection may actually be a variable (i.e., a "some-or-none") process. In the present study, three experiments were conducted to explore the nature of partial recollection using a variation of the recognition without identification procedure (RWI) (Cleary, 2006; Cleary & Greene, 2000; Peynircioglu, 1990). In Experiment 1, I explored the hypothesis that manipulating the amount of perceptual information present at encoding in a recognition task can modulate the likelihood of partial recollection (Parks et al., 2011). In Experiment 2, I examined whether partial recollection responds to word frequency in a manner similar or different than full target recollection or familiarity. In Experiment 3, I explored whether partial recollection, like full target recollection, could also be affected by manipulating degree of target emotionality. In this work, I demonstrate that partial recollection is a distinct, albeit rare, factor in studies of human recognition memory.
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    Letter matching in word familiarity: comparing slot specific, relative position, and overlap coding approaches
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Huebert, Andrew M., author; Cleary, Anne M., advisor; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Graham, Daniel, committee member; Marques, Luciana, committee member
    Familiarity detection is the sense that something has been encountered before, without being able to recall specifics of the encounter. Viewed as a separable process from recalling specifics, a growing body of research suggests that familiarity detection is an important cognitive process for a variety of reasons. Familiarity detection is thought to be driven by an overlap in features between stimuli stored in memory and a current stimulus. Research on familiarity detection suggests that letters are one significant contributing feature to word familiarity. An unexamined question is the extent to which letter overlap needs to occur in the same positions between existing memory representations and the current stimulus. Research on reading suggests that letters do not need to be in the exact correct location for lexical access to occur, with different theories specifying different constraints. One theory is that letter position is coded in terms of relativity; another is that letter position is coded in terms of general location with flexibility. For this dissertation, I conducted two experiments investigating how letter position processing might operate in word recognition without identification, which is thought to be a metric of familiarity detection. The results were consistent with letters being matched in terms of general location. Letters that were out of position that also did not maintain relativity still contributed to word recognition without identification to the same extent as letters in position. Implications for the mechanism behind feature matching are discussed.
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    Maternal behavior before and after parturition of Red Angus beef cows and the investigation of wolf predation on livestock populations in the northern Rocky Mountains
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2013) Flörcke, Cornelia, author; Grandin, Temple, advisor; Engle, Terry E., committee member; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Rollin, Bernard E., committee member
    To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document.
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    Metacognitive states and feelings of curiosity: information-seeking behaviors during momentary retrieval-failure
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) McNeely-White, Katherine L., author; Cleary, Anne M., advisor; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Henry, Kimberly, committee member; Blanchard, Nathaniel, committee member
    Curiosity during learning increases information-seeking behaviors and subsequent memory retrieval success, yet the mechanisms that drive curiosity and subsequent information-seeking behaviors are poorly understood from a theoretical perspective. Hints throughout the literature suggest that curiosity may be a metacognitive signal, encouraging the experiencer to seek out additional information that will resolve a knowledge gap. Furthermore, a recently demonstrated association between a retrieval- failure-based metacognitive state (the tip-of-the-tongue state) and increased feelings of curiosity points toward an adaptive function of these states. The current study examined the relationship between curiosity and the retrieval-failure-based metacognitive states déjà vu and déjà entendu. Participants received test lists containing novel visual environment cues (Experiment 1) or novel isolated tonal sequence cues (Experiment 2) for previously studied episodes. Across both experiments, participants gave higher curiosity ratings during target retrieval failure to cue stimuli that contained previously encountered features. Further, higher curiosity ratings were given during reported déjà vu or déjà entendu, and these states were associated with increased expenditure of limited resources to discover the answer. The full pattern suggests that déjà vu and déjà entendu may drive curiosity, serve adaptive roles in encouraging further search efforts, and that curiosity may emerge due to feature-matching familiarity-detection processes.
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    Reliability of TMS measurements of the motor cortex
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Causer, Laurie, author; Malcolm, Matt P., advisor; Davies, Patricia, committee member; Seger, Carol A., committee member
    BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was introduced in 1985 and has been used to study the human motor system through a variety of applications including single pulse, paired pulse and repetitive pulse stimulation parameters. Paired pulse TMS studies assess motor cortical excitability, in which the first (conditioning) stimulus (CS) modifies the response to the second (test) stimulus (TS) (Maeda, Gangitano, Thall, & Pascual-Leone, 2002). The time between pulses, or the interstimulus interval, is the distinguishing factor between the application of paired pulse TMS to investigate intracortical inhibition (ICI) or intracortical facilitation (ICF). Studies of cortical excitability using paired pulse TMS can provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders (Maeda, et ah, 2002) and have begun to be utilized as outcome measures to document changes in cortical excitability in response to repetitive TMS. The stability of the muscle responses known as motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited in response to paired pulse stimulation has not been well documented in the literature to date. As such, the primary goal of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability of two paired pulse measures of the motor cortex, ICI and ICF, in two muscle representations; first dorsal interossei (FDI) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB). METHODS: Fifteen healthy individuals, age 19-37 years old, participated in two identical testing sessions held exactly one week apart from each other. Four different types of stimulation (CS, TS, 2ms, and 15ms) were delivered over the motor cortex 20 times in a random order. The corresponding MEPs were recorded and their size were documented using two common methods found in the literature; area under the curve and peak to peak amplitude. RESULTS: Reliability was determined using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Poor reliability was documented in both methods of analysis; whether twenty trials or ten trials were averaged, and even still after normalizing data, with ICCs ranging from (-.508 - .347). CONCLUSION: Additional studies investigating the test-retest reliability of paired pulse measures of the motor cortex need to be conducted to document the stability of MEPs. Potential sources of variation in MEPs size include electrode placement variation, stimulation intensity changes, coil placement variability, state of the overall nervous system, and the state of the individual muscle (contracted/relaxed). Until the reliability of paired pulse stimulation is established, researchers should use caution linking the changes in the size of MEPs in response to paired pulse stimulation to interventions, disease, or other external factors.
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    Same data, same features: modern ImageNet-trained convolutional neural networks learn the same thing
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) McNeely-White, David G., author; Beveridge, J. Ross, advisor; Anderson, Charles W., committee member; Seger, Carol A., committee member
    Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the dominant technology in computer vision today. Much of the recent computer vision literature can be thought of as a competition to find the best architecture for vision within the deep convolutional framework. Despite all the effort invested in developing sophisticated convolutional architectures, however, it's not clear how different from each other the best CNNs really are. This thesis measures the similarity between ten well-known CNNs, in terms of the properties they extract from images. I find that the properties extracted by each of the ten networks are very similar to each other, in the sense that any of their features can be well approximated by an affine transformation of the features of any of the other nine. In particular, there is evidence that each network extracts mostly the same information as each other network, though some do it more robustly. The similarity between each of these CNNs is surprising. Convolutional neural networks learn complex non-linear features of images, and the architectural differences between systems suggest that these non-linear functions should take different forms. Nonetheless, these ten CNNs which were trained on the same data set seem to have learned to extract similar properties from images. In essence, each CNN's training algorithm hill-climbs in a very different parameter space, yet converges on a similar solution. This suggests that for CNNs, the selection of the training set and strategy may be more important than the selection of the convolutional architecture.
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    The role of familiarity in illusions of prediction
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Huebert, Andrew M., author; Cleary, Anne M., advisor; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Folkestad, James E., committee member
    Some researchers have argued that the ability to recall (or the recollection of specific details from the past), and the mechanisms involved in doing so, are also used in imagining and predicting future events. However, the ability to recall is only one facet of memory ability. Another is the ability to detect familiarity with stimuli that relate to previously experienced episodes. One might expect that recall is needed to predict future events, as recollection of what occurred in the past might enable prediction of what happens next in a current ongoing episode. However, research on déjà vu has shown a link between familiarity-detection and illusions of prediction and suggests a role of familiarity intensity in these illusions. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of familiarity-detection more generally in illusory feelings of prediction and to explore possible mechanisms. Increasing cue familiarity led to a systematic increase in prediction confidence despite having little to no effect on prediction accuracy. These results did not differ according to whether the decision was past or future oriented. The results also did not differ according to whether the future oriented prediction was logically possible or irrational in nature.
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    The subjective sense of familiarity with music
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) McNeely-White, Katherine L., author; Cleary, Anne M., advisor; Seger, Carol A., committee member; Henry, Kimberly, committee member; LaGasse, Blythe, committee member
    The process of familiarity—the mere sense or feeling of prior experience with something—remains poorly understood. Most theories assume that familiarity involves separable features held within memory traces, and some empirical evidence supports this notion. Familiarity appears to be at work in the metacognitive phenomenon known as déjà vu—the feeling of having experienced something before despite knowing that it is new—and its accompanying illusion of prediction. The present study examined the nature of musical features held within memory traces and their possible role in déjà entendu – the auditory version of déjà vu. Participants in Experiment 1 received studied songs in altered contexts at test. As in déjà vu research, the familiarity occurring in these altered auditory contexts related to reports of déjà entendu. In Experiment 2, repeated exposure to isolated musical features (rhythm or pitch) at study led to increased familiarity and déjà entendu reports with the full songs later. In Experiment 3, illusory feelings of prediction were shown to be associated with reports of déjà entendu. During déjà entendu, participants felt more able to predict the song's contour (Experiment 3a) and the sound location of the next note in the sequence (Experiment 3b). The full pattern of results suggest that separable features are a central component of the familiarity process with music, and that they play a role in déjà entendu. As shown in déjà vu research, both déjà entendu and feelings of familiarity are associated with illusory feelings of prediction.