Browsing by Author "Salman, M. D., advisor"
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Item Open Access A holistic approach to veterinary public health in animal shelters and other sites(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2009) Steneroden, Kay K., author; Salman, M. D., advisor; Hill, Ashley E., advisorAnimal health and human health are intimately linked. Directly, through contact with or exposure to animals and their environments, and indirectly by way of food production, food safety and antimicrobial drug residues, humans are dependent upon and vulnerable to the health of animals. Veterinary public health is concerned with the interface of human and animal health and addressing problems at that interface. The potential impact of such exploration is greater human and animal health. Epidemiological needs assessment, problem investigation and subsequent outreach programs are essential tools of veterinary public health practice. These tools are used to explore infection control, infectious and zoonotic disease awareness, environmental contamination with infectious/zoonotic agents and monitoring the consequences of treatment of infectious and zoonotic diseases with antimicrobial drugs (i.e. antimicrobial drug resistance). The specific venues for these explorations for this dissertation include animal shelters, a veterinary teaching hospital, a former Soviet country and a United States governmental program. A holistic approach is used with animal shelters to assess infection control and zoonotic disease awareness needs, investigate environmental contamination with a zoonotic disease, develop training tools and train animal shelter workers and volunteers. The needs assessment provided valuable information on characteristics of animal shelters, provided impetus for the problem investigation and the basis for outreach training. The problem investigation tool provided the first available information on the prevalence and extent of salmonella contamination in Colorado animal shelters. The outreach components provided a tool and reference for training; the training itself indicated gaps in knowledge in various aspects of infection control and zoonotic disease awareness that could be addressed with training. Further, problem investigation is explored through the success of active surveillance in discovery and control of a zoonotic disease outbreak in a veterinary teaching hospital. Results of a needs assessment survey in the Republic of Armenia provide the basis for development of outreach materials for veterinarians, farmers and school-age children on their national animal health program. And a system of antimicrobial drug resistance monitoring is examined and challenged for completeness. Taken together, these studies further the examination of veterinary public health issues and highlight a holistic approach to their exploration.Item Open Access Construction and evaluation of epidemiologic simulation models for the within- and among-unit spread and control of infectious diseases of livestock and poultry(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Reeves, Aaron, author; Salman, M. D., advisor; Hill, Ashley E., advisor; Keefe, Thomas J., committee member; Wagner, Bruce A., committee memberEpidemiologic modeling is an increasingly common method of estimating the potential impact of outbreaks of highly contagious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), in populations of domesticated animals. Disease models are also used to inform policy decisions regarding disease control methods and outbreak response plans, to estimate the possible magnitude of an outbreak, and to estimate the resources needed for outbreak response. Although disease models are computationally sophisticated, the quality of the results of modeling studies depends on the quality and accuracy of the data on which they are based, and on the conceptual soundness and validity of the models themselves. For such models to be credibly applied, they should realistically represent the systems they are intended to reflect, should be based to as great an extent as possible on valid data, and should be subjected to careful and ongoing scrutiny. Two key steps in the evaluation of epidemiologic models are model verification and model validation. Verification is the demonstration that a computer-driven model is operating correctly, and conforms to its intended design. Validation refers to the process of determining how well a model corresponds to the system that it intended to represent. For a veterinary epidemiologic model, validation would address issues such as how well the model represents the dynamics of the disease in question in a population to which the model is applied, and how well the model represents the application of different measures for disease control. Among the steps that can be taken by epidemiologic modelers to facilitate the processes of model verification and validation are to clearly state the purpose, assumptions, and limitations of a model; to provide a detailed description of the conceptual model for use by everyone who might be tasked with evaluation of a model; document steps already taken to test the model; and thoroughly describe the data sources and the process used to produce model input parameters from data. The realistic representation of the dynamics of spread of disease within individual herds or flocks can have important implications for disease detection and surveillance, as well as for disease transmission between herds or flocks. We have developed a simulation model of within-unit (within-herd or within-flock) disease spread that operates at the level of the individual animal, and fully incorporates sources of individual-level variation such as variability in the durations of incubating and infectious periods, the stochastic nature of disease spread among individuals, and the effects of vaccination. We describe this stochastic model, along with the processes employed for verification and validation. The incorporation of this approach to modeling of within-unit disease dynamics into models of between-unit disease spread should improve the utility of these models for emergency preparedness and response planning by making it possible to assess the value of different approaches to disease detection and surveillance, in populations with or without some existing level of vaccine immunity. Models rely not only on realistic representations of the systems of interest, but also on valid and realistic information. For spatially explicit models of the spread and control of disease in populations of livestock and poultry, this means a heavy reliance upon valid spatial representations of the populations of interest, including such characteristics as the geographic locations of farms and their proximity to others in the population. In the United States, limited information regarding the locations of actual farm premises is available, and modeling work often makes use of artificially generated population datasets. In order to evaluate the accuracy and validity of the use of such artificially generated datasets, we compared the outcomes of mechanistic epidemiologic simulation models that were run using an empirical population dataset to those of models that made use of several different synthetic population datasets. Although we found generally good qualitative agreement among models run using various population datasets, the quantitative differences in model outcomes could be substantial. When quantitative outcomes from epidemiologic models are desired or required, care should be taken to adequately capture or describe the uncertainty in model-based outcomes due to the use of synthetic population datasets.Item Open Access Dog demography and population estimates for rabies control in Bali, Indonesia(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Arief, Riana Aryani, author; Salman, M. D., advisor; McCluskey, Brian J., committee member; Doherty, Paul F., committee memberRabies is a fatal zoonotic disease with global significance. At the end of 2008, rabies emerged in the Island of Bali, Indonesia, drawing international attention. As the disease became wide-spread, the government focused on island-wide mass vaccination of dogs and improving public awareness, however the local dog population is not well documented. The Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS), a local non-government organization in Indonesia, and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) initiated a project to explore the link between the dog population and local communities in Bali with focus on the impact of this relationship in the spread of rabies. As part of that project, the objective of the study is to (1) characterize the demographics and rabies vaccination of owned and free-roaming dogs and (2) estimate the abundance and identify factors associated with the distribution of the dogs in Bali. The study was conducted on two dog subpopulations, owned and free-roaming dogs, in 310 banjars in Denpasar city, Gianyar district, and Karangasem district in Bali. Banjar is a subvillage structure in Bali. The sampling design was a two-stage sampling with villages as the primary sampling unit and banjars as the secondary sampling unit. Data were collected between March 2011 and March 2012. Survey of owned dogs was carried out through door to door interview of owners and photographic mark recapture was used to collect data on free-roaming dogs. Dogs were predominantly owned and the effect of unowned dogs towards the total population was minimal. Demographically, the sex ratio was male-biased and juveniles make up 15-20% of the population. Free-roaming dogs were dominated by adults and a higher proportion of males. There were differences in the demographics of dogs in urban and non-urban areas which should be considered when planning and implementing control programs. Overall vaccination coverage was high (>70%), however juveniles and females have a higher likelihood of not being vaccinated. The endurance of vaccination collars should be improved to better represent the true vaccination coverage in free-roaming dogs as there is high confidence that most free-roaming dogs were actually owned dogs. Recent culling was associated with increased proportions of juveniles and a 40% higher risk of dogs not being vaccinated. The observation of free-roaming dogs should always account for detection probability as only 20% of dogs in this study were seen at any given time. Failure to account for detection probability will result in severe underestimation of the population abundance. The human population, presence of a forest and recent culling accounted for 28% of variation in the number of owned dogs in banjars. Accordingly, the number of owned dogs and presence of rice paddies accounted for 61% of variation in the number of free-roaming dogs in banjars. Finally, the overall and median human to dog ratios were the least biased ratios available for estimating the overall dog population, however it is a crude tool with poor precision. The overall ratio on average slightly underestimates the total population, while the median ratio slightly overestimates the total population. For rabies control purposes, overestimation is preferred over underestimation and the median human to dog ratio is recommended.Item Open Access Evaluation of an adjuvanted hapten-protein vaccine approach to preventing sexual maturation of farmed Atlantic salmon(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2013) Orahood, Darcy Sonya, author; Salman, M. D., advisor; Eckery, Douglas C., committee member; Miller, Lowell A., committee member; Myrick, Christopher A., committee member; Rhyan, Jack C., committee memberAquaculture is a rapidly growing industry that significantly contributes to the world food supply. Sustainable practices in aquaculture are of increasing importance as an increasing proportion of fish in the global market come from aquaculture instead of wild catch. Maximizing aquaculture yields and minimizing the ecological impacts of these operations are two important goals towards sustainability. One approach to addressing these objectives is immunocontraception of fish which would increase the fish meat quality and yield in aquaculture production and prevent escaped farmed fish from undesirably altering wild fish population genetics through breeding. The research presented here was conducted with the aim of proof of concept for contraceptive vaccine use in Atlantic salmon. Nine vaccine formulations, including a negative control vaccine, were formulated at the National Wildlife Research Center in Fort Collins, Colorado and injected into farmed Atlantic salmon in Sunndalsøra, Norway. Production of antibodies against three immunogenic components in each vaccine formulation was evaluated over the course of the 12-week study. Weight and length of each fish were also tracked over time to determine whether growth was affected by vaccination. The study results indicate that Atlantic salmon will produce antibodies against BSA and KLH used as carrier proteins but that KLH is a stronger immunogen. Importantly, it was also determined that Atlantic salmon will produce antibodies against a small endogenous peptide (hapten) conjugated to the carrier protein, but to a lesser extent than the levels of antibody production against the carrier itself. Approximately 96% of samples from fish vaccinated against KLH, 76% of samples from fish vaccinated against BSA, and 36% of samples from fish vaccinated against the hapten were identified as positive. Response rates for all three antigens were highest 12 weeks post-vaccination. Significant differences in antibody levels were also detected between groups vaccinated with different immunostimulants. Collectively, the results provide proof of concept and provide a building block for further research on immunocontraception of Atlantic salmon for application in aquaculture.Item Open Access Highly pathogenic avian influenza knowledge, attitudes, and practices study among live bird market workers in Jakarta - Indonesia(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2013) Sutanto, Yadi Cahyadi, author; Salman, M. D., advisor; Gillette, Shana C., committee member; Peel, Jennifer L., committee memberThroughout the world, Indonesia is one of the countries most affected by the outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1. The outbreak has killed 160 out of 192 human cases during 2005 to 2012, the fatality rate being especially high in children and young adults (WHO, 2013), caused over 470 million USD in economic losses (KOMNAS, 2008a) and disrupted the lives of more than 20 million people who depend on the poultry industry (BPS, 2003) for their livelihood. Indonesia received from the international community the largest financial commitment to fight HPAI, totaling to more than 128 million USD (FAO, 2008a). Highly pathogenic avian influenza also affected the capital city of Jakarta. In an effort to minimize disruption to public health from the outbreak of HPAI, Jakarta provincial government has issued a local regulation (Peraturan Daerah) Number 4/2007 on the Control, Raising, and Distribution of Poultry in Jakarta. Despite the fact that Jakarta has a high risk of public health problems due to HPAI, there is no effective enforcement of the local HPAI control regulation in the city, thus the poultry collection sites and traditional slaughter houses continue to conduct unsafe practices of poultry slaughter. To overcome this problem, information is needed to know how much the poultry industry, especially the Live Bird Markets (LBMs), in Jakarta knows about the risk of HPAI in their community. The level of knowledge and perception of safe poultry handling practices regarding the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza among workers in LBM can be assessed using a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) Study. The results of this study illustrate that, despite being given information, LBM workers had no detailed understanding of avian influenza, had a less perceived risk of experiencing avian influenza, and had a low compliance with precautionary behaviors. As a result, biosecurity in the LBMs is woefully inadequate, increasing the threat of another serious outbreak of HPAI in poultry and perhaps in humans as well. Encouragingly, workers' interest in learning more about avian influenza was high in this survey. Therefore, designing and implementing avian influenza educational programs and measuring their effectiveness should be priorities to encourage the population to take a more active role.