Browsing by Author "Martey, Rosa, committee member"
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Item Open Access A woman's place is in the (digital) resistance: politics and power in online communitie(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2019) Phipps, E. Brooke, author; Prasch, Allison, advisor; Anderson, Karrin Vasby, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberThe 2017 Women's March on Washington marked a significant moment in contemporary U.S. political history as hundreds of thousands of women gathered on the National Mall in an expression of embodied dissent. Key women's movement groups, Pantsuit Nation and the Pussyhat Project, operated as powerful collectives in the time leading up to the 2016 presidential election and the subsequent 2017 Women's March. Their transition from sites of rhetorical secrecy to embracing the strategic publicity of the 2017 Women's March illuminates how ego-function, reversed symbolism, and consciousness raising impact social movements in our digital age. To understand how social movement groups navigate rhetorical secrecy and strategic publicity, this thesis explores how the ego-functional responses of Pantsuit Nation and the Pussyhat Project led to the deployment of specific rhetorical tactics to cultivate collective identities. I argue that the transitionary process from rhetorical secrecy to rhetorical publicity allows collectives to legitimate and orient themselves as key political actors. This thesis also calls scholars to mindfully attend to the ramifications digital technologies have on our understandings of rhetorical strategies and structures, particularly as they pertain to contemporary social movements.Item Open Access Bystander helping in response to a staged incident of cyberaggression(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) McDonald, James Ney, author; Henry, Kimberly, advisor; Aloise-Young, Patricia, advisor; Martey, Rosa, committee memberThe recent emergence of cyberbullying as a serious problem stands as a reminder that basic principles of social psychology should be retested and re-evaluated in emergent contexts to demonstrate their enduring value. This study sought to test the applicability of Darley & Latane's (1968) Bystander Effect in a chat-room environment. Participants were admitted to a chat-room ostensibly for a series of informal debates which a researcher would record and analyze later as part of an observational study in online communication patterns. Chats included one participant and either 2 (control condition) or 4 (bystander condition) non-participant characters (NPCs) whom the participant was led to believe were other participants. The researcher assigned two of the NPCs to debate informally and then left. In both conditions, the two NPCs engaged in discussion, until one began bullying the other by persistently attacking him with insults, even after the victim voiced distress and asked the attacker to stop. In the bystander condition, the two additional NPCs remained logged in throughout the bullying episode, but took no action to support or discourage the bullying. Participants, free to comment or contact the researcher, demonstrated a clear inclination towards altruism, but the bystander effect was still evident. Participants in the bystander condition were significantly less likely to intervene by attempting to defuse the conflict in the chat, defending the victim, attacking the bully, or contacting the researcher about the problem, OR = 0.39, p = .03, 95% CI [0.17, 0.90], n = 111. Participant suspicion and methodological constraints limit the conclusions that can be drawn from this study, but it supports speculation that the bystander effect may be present but less inhibitory in an online environment.Item Open Access Choosing love: performances of romance in mobile dating simulation games(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Martinez, El, author; Elkins, Evan, advisor; Diffrient, Scott, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberWith the launch of the Android app store in 2008, mobile gaming has occupied a surging niche in the video game market. While considerable scholarly attention has been paid to video games, with mobile games enjoying a portion of that attention, the study of dating simulation games is still emerging. Further, almost all existing scholarship on dating simulation games focuses on console- or computer-based games. This thesis aims to fill that gap by analyzing how dating simulation conventions translate onto mobile devices. What changes when a new platform, with its own conventions and affordances, is introduced? Through textual analysis of gameplay mechanics, visual style, and narrative, I examine how popular mobile dating simulation games offered through the Android app store construct and restrict player access to romance on the axes of time and money. Ultimately, I argue that the ways time and money flow on the mobile device afford unique performances of romance while foreclosing others, apart from their progenitors on consoles and PCs.Item Open Access DC unmade: failure, fandom and the Justice League films that could have been(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Greene, Ryan, author; Diffrient, David Scott, advisor; Martey, Rosa, committee member; Burgchardt, Carl, committee member; Elkins, Evan, committee memberUnmade films have received little attention as a general category, and this is doubly so for unmade superhero genre projects. The fact that these unfilms are failures in otherwise vibrant action franchises has typically led to their elision from canonical narratives. In studying two of the many defunct superhero films in Warner Brothers's DC catalog, it is possible to compare the failures of each in order to discern the industrial and narrative practices that contributed to their collapse. I apply scholarship on failure and comic book film adaptation to the case of George Miller's Justice League: Mortal. I trace the director's grand vision of a franchise juggernaut that was ultimately cancelled due to a confluence of bureaucratic interference and backlash against the promise of unlimited, speculative success. I then turn attention toward WB's second attempt to create a superhero ensemble film, Zack Snyder and Joss Whedon's Justice League (2017). From the ashes of the film's financial under-performance and critical failure rose a dogged fan movement to release an unknown and totally different director's cut. To understand this fan community and its impact on unproduction, I evaluate the Snyder Cut movement's defense of Zack Snyder's unmade DC Extended Universe, their battle against Warner Brothers and their refusal to accept failure. Taken together, these two unproductions demonstrate two divergent visions of failure. One lacked fan backing and so rests inert, its pieces scattered across the internet. The other rose from the unfinished realm of shadow cinema, lifted up by fans who vilified its producer while demanding that executives pay for its release.Item Open Access Developing (super)citizenship: constituting idealized American citizenship in the Avengers: Earth's mightiest heroes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Luurs, Geoffrey, author; Anderson, Karrin, advisor; Diffrient, David Scott, committee member; Marx, Nicholas, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberThis thesis explores two elements of character design in select episodes from the animated series The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (Disney XD 2010-2012) that guide audiences towards dominant readings of idealized American citizenship utilizing both close textual analysis and ideographic criticism. I argue that select episodes of The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes contain representations of hyper-patriotic Americanized superheroes and un-American super villains which work together to teach viewers about dominant ideologies of Americanness and un-Americanness. In doing so, the text directs viewers towards a specific understanding of how to become idealized American (super)citizens.Item Open Access Does modality make a difference? A comparative study of mobile augmented reality for education and training(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Kelley, Brendan, author; Humphrey, Michael, advisor; Martey, Rosa, committee member; Ortega, Francisco, committee member; Tornatzky, Cyane, committee memberAs augmented reality (AR) technologies progress they have begun to impact the field of education and training. Many prior studies have explored the potential benefits and challenges to integrating emerging technologies into educational practices. Both internal and external factors may impact the overall adoption of the technology, however there are key benefits identified for the schema building process, which is important for knowledge acquisition. This study aims to elaborate and expand upon prior studies to explore the question does mobile augmented reality provide for stronger knowledge retention compared to other training and education modalities? To address this question this study takes a comparative experimental approach by exposing participants to one of three training modalities (AR, paper manual, or online video) and evaluating their knowledge retention and other educational outcomes.Item Open Access Examining the role of automation transparency in learning with intelligent tutoring systems(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Pharmer, Rebecca L., author; Clegg, Benjamin, advisor; Wickens, Christopher, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee member; Tompkins, Sara-Anne, committee memberIn the present study, a training system that either assigned restudy of concepts based on learner performance (adaptive instruction) or provided a set amount of restudy (static instruction) was designed to investigate whether adding automation transparency into an intelligent tutoring system would improve learning outcomes in an assembly task. Participants received instruction on the assembly process of 8 unique shapes. They were provided with error sensitive feedback that served the transparency manipulation, where some participants received explanations of why they were receiving restudy or were given generic feedback. Findings indicate that adaptive instruction may be most beneficial to learning when automation transparency provides learners with an understanding of how the system is responding to their performance. Findings and implications to be discussed.Item Open Access Facebook as a site of stress reduction and resilience amongst trailing wives living in Alaska(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2017) Ward, Linnea Sudduth, author; Long, Marilee, advisor; Martey, Rosa, committee member; Switzer, Jamie, committee member; Makela, Carole, committee member; Merolla, Andy, committee memberThis explanatory sequential mixed methodology (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011) study considers how Facebook use impacts sojourners' perceived stress and resilience. Forty-one current and retired sojourning "trailing wives"—women who move primarily for their husband's career—located in Anchorage, Alaska, participated in the Phase 1 survey. Phase 1 found support for the predicted negative relationship between perceived stress and Facebook social connectedness, but the predicted positive relationship between Facebook social connectedness and resilience was not significant. Seventeen Phase 2 participants participated in semi-structured interviews, which were then analyzed using the constant comparative method (Strauss & Corbin, 1990), to explore the relationship between Facebook use and resilience further. Interview participants identified Facebook information seeking and social networking activities as particularly helpful in their early sojourn adjustment. Some participants also reported using Facebook and other social media sites (e.g., Instagram) to grow from their sojourn experience by practicing four of the resilience communication processes identified by Buzzanell (2010): drawing upon communication networks, emphasizing identity anchors, fostering optimism, and reframing negative experiences. Implications for practitioners (e.g., sojourners, human resources and mental health professionals) and researchers (across international business and social science disciplines) are also discussed.Item Open Access Mere music or more? Investigating the effects of soundtracks in video game narratives(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2021) Callendar, Chaz, author; Humphrey, Michael, advisor; Martey, Rosa, committee member; Parks, Elizabeth, committee memberNarratives in video games can be highly complex, and due to Game Studies' over-reliance on Film scholarship, the complexities of the co-creation of these narratives have yet to be understood. There are many elements within games that are not present within film, and this can alter how a narrative is experienced within the medium as compared to film (Salen & Zimmerman, 2004). One of the major elements of narratives that is understudied within games is music. This thesis analyzed player reports of how music affected their ability to experience the narrative within two games. Specifically, how the music affected their transportation into the world, as well as how the music affected their ability to identify with the main characters. Through a combination of in-game and postgame interviews, transcripts were created and thematically analyzed along with the video and audio data. Through this analysis, participants consistently demonstrated that they were unable to identify or recognize the music with the game. However, the emotions evoked from the music seemed to be the same emotions felt during the scenes where those tracks existed. While the explicit memory of the music was almost nonexistent, there was evidence of implicit memory of this music embedded within the world and characters of the game. Finally, rather than attributing music as the source of the emotions used by the narrative, it is possible that the music was simply part of the narrative, so any reference to the music alone was inaccessible to the players.Item Open Access Metacognition in the own-race bias: Influences on restudy selection(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) DeLozier, Sarah, author; Rhodes, Matthew G., advisor; Clegg, Benjamin, committee member; Troup, Lucy, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberThe own-race bias (ORB), refers to the finding that learners demonstrate poorer memory for faces of other races or ethnicities, compared to those of their own. This memory bias has been examined from an encoding perspective, yet little has been done to examine the possible contribution of metacognition. Under the assumption that monitoring affects control, recognition memory was examined for own-race (White) and other-race (Black) faces. Pilot data suggested that participants might be aware of the ORB, as evinced by their monitoring judgments. The experiment permitted participants to select faces for restudy, make delayed JOLs and restudy selections, then restudy selected faces prior to test. Results demonstrated similar monitoring accuracy for own-race and other-race faces, suggesting that the ORB may not be due to monitoring deficits. Measures of control provided some evidence that learners make similar control judgments for own- and other-race faces, and follow-up experiments are discussed.Item Open Access Online spaces: technological, institutional, and social practices that foster connections through Instagram and Twitch(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Weigel, Taylor, author; Elkins, Evan, advisor; Dickinson, Greg, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberWe are living in an increasingly digital world. In the past, critical scholars have focused on the inequality of access and unequal relationships between the elite, who controlled the media, and the masses, whose limited agency only allowed for alternate meanings of dominant discourse and media. With the rise of social networking services (SNSs) and user-generated content (UGC), critical work has shifted from relationships between the elite and the masses to questions of infrastructure, online governance, technological affordances, and cultural values and practices instilled in computer mediated communication (CMC). This thesis focuses specifically on technological and institutional practices of Instagram and Twitch and the social practices of users in these online spaces, using two case studies to explore the production of connection-oriented spaces through Instagram Stories and Twitch streams, which I argue are phenomenologically live media texts. In the following chapters, I answer two research questions. First, I explore the question, "Are Instagram Stories and Twitch streams fostering connections between users through institutional and technological practices of phenomenologically live texts?" and second, "If they are, how do users support and advance connections across individuals in dispersed geographies on Twitch streams and Instagram Stories?" As my analysis shows, Twitch streams and Instagram Stories are texts that present themselves as phenomenologically live—meaning that even if they are not live, they are meant to feel live to the viewers—due to the complex institutional and technological practices that often remain hidden to the user, as well as social practices of users. By looking specifically at the rhetoric of liveness, the public screen, the third place, embodiment, and platform affordances and governance, this thesis will uncover the modes of production and possibilities for connection in online, ephemeral spaces. Through a visual and textual analysis of phenomenologically live texts on Instagram and Twitch and a critical analysis of the temporal, social, technological, and institutional practices that engender the materialization and maintenance of these communities, this thesis seeks to understand how visual platforms structure particular experiences in online interactions, acting as informal public spaces that have the ability to foster connections between users.Item Open Access Relational maintenance in mixed-modality romantic relationships(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2019) McDonald, James Ney, author; Harman, Jennifer, advisor; Martey, Rosa, committee member; Graham, Dan, committee member; Byrne, Zinta, committee memberSocial information processing theory (SIP) provides clear predictions for how online and offline relationships should differ, but does not cover mixed-modality relationships (MMRs). Individuals in MMRs employ both face-to-face (FtF) and technology mediated communication (TMC) for relational maintenance. Stafford and Canary (1991) and Stafford et al. (2000) suggest that self-disclosure and discussion of one's relationship (relational maintenance strategies originally referred to collectively as "openness") depend on the use of another strategy, assurance-giving, to determine one's association with relationship satisfaction. I sought to determine whether relationship-talk and self-disclosure, independent of assurance-giving, are negatively associated with relationship satisfaction, and whether the use of face-to-face (FtF) or technology mediated communication (TMC) have any bearing on the interaction between assurance-giving and openness strategies. It was expected that assurance-giving would moderate the relationship between openness strategies and satisfaction when the strategies were enacted by the same communication channel but not when communicated by different channels. Mechanical Turk users (n = 289) in romantic relationships completed the openness and assurance-giving subscales of the Stafford et al. (2000) revision of the Relational Maintenance Strategy Measure (RMSM), reporting their engagement in maintenance behaviors using FtF and via TMC. Regression analyses were used to determine whether three maintenance strategies (assurance-giving, self-disclosure, and relationship-talk), communicated using either of two general channels (FtF and TMC), predicted satisfaction in romantic relationships, and whether assurance-giving interacted with either relationship-talk or self-disclosure, using TMC or FtF channels. The direct negative relationship between openness and satisfaction found in past research was not replicated in this study, but both TMC self-disclosure and TMC relationship-talk interacted significantly with TMC assurance-giving. For individuals with average or below average engagement in assurance-giving via TMC, greater engagement in self-disclosure or relationship-talk predicted lower satisfaction. These results suggest that openness strategies are not inherently harmful when communicated using FtF, but when communicated via TMC they may be detrimental to satisfaction if relationship partners do not complement openness strategies with heavy engagement in assurance-giving.Item Open Access The use of paratextual devices in broadcast promotion: a content analysis of season three of Glee on Facebook(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Timmons, Rachel, author; Hallahan, Kirk, advisor; Diffrient, Scott, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberThis study analyzed all Facebook posts during the third season of the Fox Broadcast Network television show Glee (n=763), from August 2011 to May 2012. The study illustrated that Facebook posts can be considered valuable paratextual devices (Gray, 2010b) that can be used in the promotion of a television program. The program’s promoters, who served as Facebook Page administrators, used Facebook for three purposes: build viewership, enhance the live-viewing experience, and build brand awareness and engagement. Visual paratexts, such as images and videos, were used more widely than text-based paratexts. Some of the most frequently employed paratexts included previews/sneak peeks/promos, cast-member specific posts, spoilers or teasers, and music video clips. Posts were about equally split in terms of being related to specific episodes versus the show in general. Almost half of the overall posts displayed high interactivity, which prompted the users to leave the Facebook platform. These posts can be valuable if the show is interested in building brand awareness and enhancing the viewing experience, not just increasing post and Page likes. Surprisingly, posts contained about an equal number of explicit and implicit calls-to-action. Explicitness did not vary based upon the interactivity level, except for low-interactive posts, which had more implicit commands. The average number of Facebook “likes” for a post was roughly 10 times the number of “comments” or “shares,” a finding that was not surprising, because “liking” a post is intrinsically simpler than commenting or sharing. Posts that were episode-specific tended to have more likes, comments, and shares overall. Of those posts that were episode-specific, posts published before and after an episode received more feedback than posts published during an episode. The study also found that longer text could discourage feedback, as posts with longer word counts received fewer likes and comments. In today’s digital world, it is easy for users to access, replicate, and share content. Thus, paratexts become the promotional currency used by promoters and the audiences they enlist to help promote a text. It’s a trend that society can expect to be continued in the context of entertainment television as well as in other cultural and artistic art forms. The research suggests that additional exploration is needed to analyze the role of Facebook (and other social media) in television viewership and engagement. As the television landscape shifts more to the online and mobile realms, advertisers and broadcasters need to understand the effect that social platforms can have on the understanding of the text.Item Open Access "There is no normal": how Ms. Marvel constitutes U.S. American citizenship between comics and screen(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Bowar, Kyra, author; Anderson, Karrin, advisor; Marx, Nick, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberIn 2014, a new superhero crashed into the Marvel Comics universe; Kamala Khan, a Muslim Pakistani American superheroine, took on the heroic mantle of "Ms. Marvel." Then, in 2022, Kamala's story was adapted to the screen as a part of Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe. Ms. Marvel's story is one of intersections, tensions, and navigating identity in a contemporary, multicultural America. To understand how Marvel and Disney constitute U.S. American citizenship and identity, this thesis compares two versions of Kamala Khan's superhero origin story: the Marvel comic, Ms. Marvel: No Normal (2014), and its streaming television show adaptation on Disney+, Ms. Marvel (2022), produced by Disney's Marvel Studios. Pairing rhetorical criticism with media industry analysis, I argue that, through their adaptation of Ms. Marvel to the screen, Disney widens the borders around U.S. American sociocultural belonging enough to incorporate intersectionally marginalized identities without fully displacing hegemonic understandings of U.S. American citizenship. This thesis demonstrates the utility of multi-methodological critical analysis and expands the theory of constitutive rhetoric by demonstrating how one text can interpellate audience members differently. My analysis also illustrates the continued relevance of superhero media as exemplars of identity formation in contemporary culture.Item Open Access Una investigación sobre el aspecto léxico y la comparación de su aplicación en el idioma Español y Chino(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Guo, Jianing, author; Correa, Maite, advisor; Velazquez-Castillo, Maura, committee member; Martey, Rosa, committee memberThis paper discusses lexical aspect and its presence in Spanish and Chinese. We believe that linguistically, aspect exists in two dimensions: at sentence level (grammatical aspect) and at lexical level (lexical aspect). Semantically, lexical aspect is classified into state, activity, accomplishment and achievement. In this paper, we propose a method to distinguish these four types of verbs. In Spanish, lexical aspect associates with infinitive verbs, while in Chinese, lexical aspect does not consider particles as 着 zhe, 了l e, 过 guò but takes into account the complements. This paper studies the characteristics of lexical aspect in Chinese and then discusses in specific the aspectual function of resultative complements and static complements in Chinese. Furthermore, a comparison between those complements and its counterparts in Spanish is implemented.