Browsing by Author "Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member"
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Item Open Access A multi-objective community-level sesimic retrofit optimization combining social vulnerability with an engineering framework for community resiliency(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Jennings, Elaina N., author; van de Lindt, John W., advisor; Atadero, Rebecca, committee member; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Peek, Lori, committee memberThis dissertation presents a multi-objective optimization framework for community resiliency by providing decision maker(s) at the local, state, or other government level(s) with an optimal seismic retrofit plan for their community's woodframe building stock. A genetic algorithm was selected to perform the optimization due to its robustness in multi-objective problem solving. In the present framework, the algorithm provides a set of optimal community-level retrofit plans for the woodframe building inventory based on the socio-demographic characteristics of the focal community, Los Angeles, California. The woodframe building inventory was modeled using 37 archetypes designed to several historical and state-of-the-art seismic design provisions and methodologies. The performance of the archetypes was quantified in an extensive numerical study using nonlinear time history analysis. Experimental testing was conducted at full scale on a three-story soft-story woodframe building. The experimental testing investigated the seismic performance of several retrofit strategies for use in the framework, and the results were used in development of a metric correlating inter-story drift limits with damage states used in the framework. A performance-based retrofit design is presented in detail, and the experimental testing results of four retrofits are provided as well. The algorithm uses each archetype's seismic performance to identify the set of optimal community-level retrofit plans to enhance resiliency by minimizing four objectives: initial cost, economic loss, number of morbidities, and recovery time. In the model, initial cost sums the cost of each new retrofit, economic loss incorporates direct and indirect costs; the number of morbidities includes injuries, fatalities, and persons diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and a recovery time is estimated and may be used to represent the loss in quality of life for the affected population. The framework was calibrated to the estimated losses from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. An application of the framework is presented using Los Angeles County as the community. Two forecasted populations are also examined using the census data for Daly City, California and East Los Angeles to further exemplify the framework. Analyses were conducted at six seismic intensities. In all illustrative examples, the total financial loss (e.g., initial cost + economic loss) was higher for the initial population (i.e. un-retrofitted community). When combining this financial savings with the reduced number of morbidities, it is clear that the higher initial cost associated with retrofitting the woodframe building stock greatly outweighs the risks and losses associated with not retrofitting. The results also demonstrated how retrofitting the existing woodframe building stock greatly reduces estimated losses, especially for very large earthquakes. The resulting losses were further investigated to demonstrate the important role that the mental health of the population plays in a community's economy and recovery following disastrous events such as earthquakes. Overall, the results clearly demonstrate the necessity in including social vulnerability when assessing or designing for community-level resiliency for a seismic hazard.Item Open Access Determination of seismic performance factors for cross laminated timber shear wall system based on FEMA P695 methodology(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2018) Amini, Mohammad Omar, author; van de Lindt, John W., advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Heyliger, Paul, committee member; Senior, Bolivar, committee memberCross Laminated Timber (CLT) was initially introduced in Europe and has recently gained popularity in North America where it is seen as a sustainable alternative to steel and concrete in midrise construction. Although most CLT structures to date have been constructed in low seismic regions, recent tests have indicated that CLT based lateral force resisting systems can successfully be utilized in regions of higher seismicity. Despite the many advantages that CLT offers, the lack of a design code and systematic design procedure is one of many challenges inhibiting widespread adoption of CLT in the US. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seismic behavior of CLT based shear wall systems and determine seismic performance factors, namely, the response modification factor (R-factor), the system overstrength factor (Ω), and the deflection amplification factor (Cd), using the FEMA P695 procedure. The methodology is an iterative process that includes establishing design requirements, developing archetypes, performing a series of tests, developing and validating nonlinear models, nonlinear static and dynamic analysis, and evaluating performance; all in conjunction with a peer panel to provide input. Nine index buildings that include, single-family dwellings, multi-family dwellings, and commercial (including mixed-use) mid-rise buildings were developed. Archetypes were then extracted from these index buildings. Testing performed at the component and subassembly levels include connector tests and isolated shear wall tests. A subsequent full-scale shake table test was performed for system level demonstration. A critical aspect of this study is use of generic connectors whose properties are already addressed by a design specification to facilitate building code recognition. Test-based performance for these generic connectors is reported as part of this study to facilitate evaluation of proprietary alternatives for seismic equivalence. Connector tests were performed on angle brackets, used for attachment of the wall to the supporting element, and inter-panel connectors. These tests showed connector thickness to be important in achieving the desired ductile behavior with lesser thickness (12 gauge) being the more favorable. Quasi-static cyclic tests were conducted for a portfolio of CLT shear walls to systematically investigate the effects of various parameters. CLT demonstrated rigid behavior with energy dissipation concentrated in the connectors. Boundary constraints and gravity loading were both found to have a beneficial effect on the wall performance, i.e. higher strength and deformation capacity. Specific gravity also had a significant effect on wall behavior while CLT thickness was less influential. Higher aspect ratio panels (4:1) demonstrated lower stiffness and substantially larger deformation capacity compared to moderate aspect ratio panels (2:1). However, based on the test results there is likely a lower bound for aspect ratio (at 2:1) where it ceases to benefit deformation capacity of the wall. Multi-panel configuration comprised of high aspect ratio panels connected through vertical joint demonstrated considerably larger deformation capacity. Shake table tests showed the proposed system's potential to meet life-safety code requirements and its applicability in US seismic regions. A CLT shear wall design method was developed and refined based on the test results. Phenomenological models were used in modeling CLT shear walls. The archetypes were designed based on the proposed design method and were numerically evaluated by assessing their performance using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Based on the rigorous process, an R factor of 3 is proposed for the CLT shear wall systems and an R factor of 4 is proposed for the cases with high aspect ratio panels only. Results from the study will be proposed for implementation in the seismic design codes and standards in the US.Item Open Access Digital twins for structural inspection, assessment, and management(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Perry, Brandon J., author; Guo, Yanlin, advisor; Atadero, Rebecca, committee member; van de Lindt, John, committee member; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Ortega, Francisco, committee memberWith the rapid advancements in remote sensing, uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS), computer vision, and machine learning, more techniques to maintain and evaluate the performance of the built infrastructure become available; however, these techniques are not always straightforward to adopt due to the remaining challenges in data analytics and the lack of executable actions that can be taken. The paper proposes a Digital Twin, which is a virtual representation of structures and has a myriad of applications to better assess and manage civil infrastructure. The proposed Digital Twin includes the techniques to store, visualize, and analyze the data collected from a UAS-enabled remote sensing inspection and computational models that support decision-making regarding the maintenance and operation of structures. The data analysis module identifies the location, extent, and growth of a defect over time, the structural components, and connections from the collected image with artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision. In addition, the three-component (3C) dynamic displacements are measured from videos of the structure. A model library within the digital twin to assess the structure's performance, which includes three types of models, is proposed: 1) a visualization model to provide location-based data query, 2) an automatically generated finite element (FE) model as a basis for simulation, and 3) a surrogate model which can quickly predict a structure's behavior. Ultimately, the models in the library suggest executable actions that can be taken on a structure to better maintain and repair it. A discussion is presented showing how the Digital Twin can assist decision-making for structural management.Item Open Access Dynamic analysis and fatigue assessment of bridge decks subjected to traffic and corrosion effects(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2013) Salem, Abdalmaged, author; Chen, Suren, advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Ozbek, Mehmet Egemen, committee memberFatigue damage has become one of the most common degradation mechanisms of highway bridge decks, which is primarily caused by passing traffic. The increase of heavy traffic over recent years, especially those overweight trucks, further worsens the situation. In the mean time, highway bridges are subjected to various aggressive environmental conditions leading to serious corrosion problems. Corrosion problem, faced by millions of reinforced concrete structures worldwide, can cause deterioration of the reinforcing steel bars, cracks and spalling on the bridge deck surface. As the bridge deck surface deteriorates over time, the road surface roughness profile will vary accordingly. The varying surface roughness profiles over time will generate increased dynamic loads on the bridge decks through dynamic interaction between surface roughness, vehicles of stochastic traffic and bridge structures. The increased dynamic loads, coupled by the reinforcement deterioration of bridge deck due to corrosion, will further cause accelerated response and fatigue accumulations on the bridge deck. Such a nonlinear time-progressive process continues over time throughout the lifespan of the bridge deck, which has not been systematically characterized or studied. The present study aims to characterize the coupling effects between the time-varying dynamic loads from stochastic traffic, deterioration bridge decks due to corrosion, and bridge performance. To tackle such a problem, firstly, a hybrid FEM-based analytical strategy is developed for the bridge and stochastic traffic system considering the time-dependent corrosion process. Secondly, scenario-based numerical studies are conducted for the typical combinations of traffic, corrosion-induced reinforcement deterioration and associated surface profile variations. Finally, based on the numerical findings, the fatigue damage of the bridge deck over time is analyzed and the remaining life of the prototype bridge decks is assessed under the joint effect of corrosion and stochastic traffic.Item Open Access Effects of explosive pressure on cadaveric ovine auditory tissue(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2018) McCann, Amanda, author; Heyliger, Paul, advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; McGilvray, Kirk, committee memberThe focus of this research centered around two main goals: 1) determine the allowable pressures that people can be exposed to in non-life-threatening situations and 2) determine the pressure required to rupture a sheep eardrum as a representative sample for human ears. For the first goal, blast pressure tests were conducted at a local football stadium using Composition 1 (C1) plastic explosive, 50-grain detonation cord, and the game cannon firing 75% strength shells. The results for each explosive were put into units of TNT equivalency to provide a common unit between explosive types. Based on the recorded pressures, spectators and staff in the vicinity of the game cannon are not at risk of severe ear damage, but should still take precautions and wear hearing protection when in the vicinity. The second goal, which forms the bulk of this thesis, was investigated through conducting two series of explosive tests on dissected sheep heads and sheep ears as a representative sample for human ears. Through these experiments, the author developed a refined process for preparing and analyzing the eardrum samples under blast conditions. From these two blast tests, eight eardrums were ruptured when exposed to varying explosive pressures and this damage was used to estimate the threshold pressure at which severe damage initially occurs. The threshold pressure for these experiments is within the range of 34 kPa (4.9psi) to 42 kPa (6.1psi), which is substantially refined compared to the range of 8 kPa (1.2psi) to 104 kPa (15.1 psi) listed in other published literature. At this time, this result is only accurate for deceased sheep eardrum ruptures, but further testing could verify that this is applicable to humans.Item Open Access Impacts and benefits of implementing BIM on bridge and infrastructure projects(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Fanning, Blaine, author; Clevenger, Caroline, advisor; Ozbek, Mehmet, advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee memberTo date, BIM (Building Information Modeling) is not widely utilized in infrastructure asset management. Benefits achieved through implementation in vertical construction, however, suggests that BIM represents significant opportunity for gains in process, material and economic efficiency throughout infrastructure project lifecycles. This research documents the current state of BIM implementation across four (4) regional transportation authorities in the United States. Next it provides a detailed case study analyzing and comparing two current (2013) bridge construction projects, one that uses BIM and one that does not. The results are confirmed by the observed reduction in RFIs and CMOs relative to construction area (SF), cost ($), and average daily traffic, compared to typical construction. Finally, it outlines potential benefits and implications of using BIM for infrastructure asset management by regional transportation authorities and the transportation industry in general. Numerous stakeholders involved with horizontal construction and operation currently seek information regarding the potentially significant benefits of integrating BIM into infrastructure asset management. This research is important because its serves to assess and inform such an imminent transition. The specific contribution of this research is to document and assess the role of BIM implementation on one bridge case study in order to highlight the potential of BIM as a dynamic method to assist throughout the lifecycle of infrastructure assets.Item Open Access Methodology and applications for integrating earthquake aftershock risk into performance-based seismic design(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Nazari Khanmiri, Negari, author; van de Lindt, John, advisor; Heyliger, Paul, committee member; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Senior, Bolivar, committee memberAftershocks have the potential to cause severe damage to buildings and contribute to threaten life safety following a major earthquake. However, their effect on seismic hazard is not explicitly accounted for in modern building design codes, nor in emerging methodologies such as performance-based seismic design. In this dissertation a methodology was developed to systematically integrate aftershock seismic hazard into performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE). This is achieved through a combination of analytical studies with structural degradation models derived from existing publicly available Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) data as well as numerical models. The design adjustments due to aftershock seismic hazard were calculated for the Direct Displacement Design (DDD) approach for a building portfolio. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of different factors such as the location and number of stories of the building and magnitudes of mainshocks and aftershocks on the design adjustments needed. The results of this research will have multiple applications such as allowing code developers to investigate different options for change in structural design to account for aftershock hazard. Aftershock consideration can be an option for stake holders in selection of their design criteria to minimize life-cycle cost. Since aftershock hazard is a major consideration when safety tagging a building following an earthquake, the results of this project will provide insight into quantitatively investigating risk for damaged buildings.Item Open Access Physical-socio-economic systems integration for community resilience-informed decision-making and policy selection(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Wang, Wanting, author; van de Lindt, John W., advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Guo, Yanlin, committee member; Cutler, Harvey, committee memberNatural hazards are damaging communities with cascading catastrophic economic and social consequences at an increasing rate due to climate change and land use policies. Comprehensive community resilience assessment and improvement requires the analyst to develop a model of interacting physical infrastructure systems with socio-economic systems to measure outcomes that result from specific decisions (policies) made. There is limited research in this area currently because of the complexity associated with combining physics-based and data-driven socio-economic models. This dissertation proposes a series of multi-disciplinary community resilience assessment models (e.g., multi-disciplinary disruption assessment and multi-disciplinary recovery assessment) subjected to an illustrative natural hazard across physical infrastructure and socio-economic systems. As illustrative examples, all the proposed methodologies were applied to the Joplin, Missouri, testbed subjected to tornado hazard but are generalizable. The goal is to enable community leaders and stakeholders to better understand the community-wide impacts of a scenario beyond physical damage and further empower them to develop and support short-term and long-term policies and strategies that improve community resilience prior to events. Advancements in multi-disciplinary community resilience modeling can help accelerate the development of building codes and standards to meet the requirements of community-wide resilience goals of the broader built environment, consistent with the performance objectives of individual buildings throughout their service lives.Item Open Access Resilience of transportation network during post-earthquake emergency response and recovery stages(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Wu, Yangyang, author; Chen, Suren, advisor; Bradley, Thomas, committee member; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Jia, Gaofeng, committee memberEarthquakes can cause casualty, injuries, and extensive infrastructure damages and significantly disrupt transportation networks. Disrupted transportation networks resulting from damaged bridges or debris may cause delays on emergency response activities and impact traffic efficiency and safety during the post-earthquake recovery stage. A functioning post-hazard transportation network is the backbone to support the effective emergency response and maintain efficient post-hazard recovery plans of the whole community. The main purpose of this dissertation is to model and improve the resilience performance of transportation networks during both post-earthquake emergency response and recovery stages. It is expected that the proposed methodologies in this dissertation will help making risk-informed decisions in terms of pre-hazard mitigation planning, emergency medical service management, and post-earthquake restoration planning to enhance the resilience of transportation networks. A suite of novel methodologies is proposed to evaluate and enhance the resilience performance of transportation networks subjected to major earthquakes in this dissertation. Firstly, a resilience modeling framework of traffic networks is developed to simulate the transportation performance during post-earthquake emergency medical response considering interactions between infrastructures, people, and hazard. Secondly, a new approach is proposed to quantify the comprehensive redundancy of transportation networks during post-earthquake emergency medical response considering search-and-rescue efforts and life vitality decay. Thirdly, a methodology is proposed to evaluate the resilience performance of traffic networks in private-vehicle-based post-earthquake emergency medical response considering bridge failure, building debris, and emergency traffic flow. Fourthly, a novel methodology is proposed to assess the post-earthquake resilience of transportation networks considering link functionality, travel time and traffic safety. Finally, a model to simulate time-dependent resilience of degraded transportation networks during post-hazard recovery period is developed to incorporate the time-evolving travel demand of the community.Item Open Access Resilience-based seismic design based on time-to-functionality for tall mass timber buildings(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Furley, Jace, author; van de Lindt, John, advisor; Arneson, Erin, committee member; Guo, Yanlin, committee member; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee memberMass timber has existed for years as a structural material; however, only in the last decade or so has progress been made in North America on the adoption of mass timber for moderate to high seismic regions. During this time, there has been significant research effort and resources allocated to demonstrating various mass timber products as suitable for seismic applications, in particular as seismic force resisting systems (SFRS). However, during the research process, the potential suitability of mass timber for mid-rise or tall buildings was identified, and research efforts into the applicability of mass timber for taller buildings in seismic regions have been increasing in the past several years. Along with the growing interest in mass timber for tall buildings, a larger more general push for resilient buildings and communities has also been prevalent, providing the opportunity to design mass timber SFRS for tall buildings that not only meet current performance standards, but also have the potential to contribute to resilience-based design and ultimately community resilience. This research presented in this dissertation develops and applies the time-to-functionality fragility (TTF) methodology to provide resilience-based design guidance for tall mass timber buildings. The new TTF methodology incorporates many of the considerations of previous performance-based methodologies (such as FEMA P-58) and resilience methods (such as the REDi rating system) into a multi-layer direct Monte Carlo simulation to estimate various recovery levels. This method was then applied to a two-story test specimen utilizing a new mass timber SFRS (a cross laminated timber [CLT] rocking wall), developed as a part of the Natural Hazards Equipment Research Infrastructure (NHERI) TallWood project, to demonstrate the resilience capabilities of the system. While the CLT rocking wall SFRS demonstrated excellent resilience capabilities, a dearth of data in mass timber (in terms of resilience considerations) were identified both as a part of the TTF methodology development and as a part of NHERI TallWood. To address some this lack of data, nail laminated timber (NLT) and dowel laminated timber (DLT) diaphragms were tested using quasi-static reversed cyclic loading, determining the lateral capacity of these systems as well as identifying damage states to better incorporate them into the TTF methodology. With the resilience of the CLT rocking wall system demonstrated, and several of the identified research data gaps addressed, the TTF methodology was applied to the two-story, six-story, and ten-story archetypes utilizing the CLT rocking wall system and varying the different structural components to create a database of TTF performance. A total of 243 SFRS designs were considered, and this database was leveraged using the developed resilience-based design guidance to estimate the TTF performance of two ten-story design examples. The research presented here demonstrates that it is possible to design tall mass timber buildings with resilience considerations, and that there are mass timber SFRS suitable for resilient design. While the findings focus on mass timber, the methodology itself is not limited to mass timber. The design guidance presented herein represents the first step towards a more prescriptive solution for TTF performance, with the potential for the incorporation of other structural systems and materials beyond the CLT rocking wall. In addition, there is a significant push to codify functionality, often termed "functional recovery", into U.S. design codes in the next 10 years. The TTF methodology directly considers functionality as a part of the method and this research and research like it will provide the foundation for the codification effort.Item Open Access Simple made continuous bridges with steel diaphragms: tension and compression transfer mechanisms(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Johnson, Robert I., author; Atadero, Rebecca, advisor; Chen, Suren, committee member; Clevenger, Caroline, committee member; Heyliger, Paul, committee member; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee memberSimple-made-continuous (SMC) steel bridges are a relatively new innovation in steel bridge design. The SMC concept has been used for quite some time in the construction of precast concrete bridges and based on current statistics, precast concrete bridge construction is outpacing steel bridge construction by a factor of two to one. The SMC concept is a viable solution for steel bridges to recover market share of the bridges constructed in the United States. The majority of SMC bridges currently in use are constructed with concrete diaphragms. This dissertation presents the results of numerical analysis and laboratory testing of an alternative simple-made-continuous connection scheme that uses steel diaphragms in lieu of concrete diaphragms. A bridge using steel diaphragms was constructed by the Colorado Department of Transportation in 2005 and the connections on this bridge serve as a basis for the research presented herein. Preliminary numerical analysis was performed by hand; this analysis discovered potential design flaws in the current bridge connection. Subsequent numerical analysis using Abaqus finite element analysis software provided results which were indecisive in regard to the flaws found in the hand analysis. The finite element analysis however, did provide valuable insight into some of the connection behavior, which was also verified with the physical test. Physical testing was subsequently performed on a full size model of the connection. The physical model consisted of double cantilever composite girders loaded at their ends with 300 kip actuators to simulate negative moments at the center connection. The physical test verified that there were design flaws in the original design. The results of analysis and physical testing provided information necessary to correct the design flaws and data required for the development of a design methodology based on the actual physical behavior of the SMC connection. Also, particular behaviors noted in the finite element analysis were corroborated with the physical test and the design methodology recognizes these behaviors. The research also compares the steel diaphragm SMC connection to concrete diaphragm connection and demonstrates that the steel diaphragm design has several desirable features. The steel diaphragm design provides for a more economical and quicker to construct steel bridge design and requires less total construction time than other SMC schemes. Additionally, since the girder ends are exposed, the girders are able to fully weather and they may be easily inspected.Item Open Access Testing of a full-scale mass timber diaphragm(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2018) Kode, Anirudh, author; van de Lindt, John W., advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Shuler, Scott, committee memberCross Laminated Timber (CLT) has only recently garnered attention as a new building material in the United States. Despite being introduced in Europe nearly 20 years ago, CLT is still not used widely in North America. One primarily reason is because CLT is not yet recognized as a structural system for seismically active regions of the U.S. One sub-assembly that has not been fully investigated are horizontal diaphragms for floors, roofs, or bridge decks. This thesis aims to test a single large scale CLT cantilever diaphragm subjected to a simulated seismic load. Data was collected and the behavior of the diaphragm documented to help begin to reduce this dearth of CLT data in the U.S. This data will also assist in refining CLT diaphragm design procedures that have recently been developed. Ten CLT panels were used to build the diaphragm, which was setup as a cantilever beam according to ASTM specifications. A 110-kip actuator was used to apply a concentrated load at one end of the diaphragm while a steel base serving as a fixed boundary condition was at the other end. The CUREE test protocol with a reference displacement of 75.6 mm (3 inches) was applied to the floor diaphragm specimen, which included a number of string potentiometers to collect displacement data. The diaphragm behaved in a predictable manner and the connectors failed in tension first even with a chord designed per the National Design Specification (NDS) for wood. Then the CLT panels separated resulting in a total failure. This data set will be made available to those working on CLT diaphragm provisions for refinement of on-going revisions.Item Open Access The connectivity between damage to physical infrastructure and social science: a new field study protocol concept(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Clapp, Todd, author; van de Lindt, John, advisor; Mahmoud, Hussam, committee member; Peek, Lori, committee member; McAllister, Therese, committee memberThe primary objective of this thesis is to introduce a field study methodology that will be calibrated over the next several years to enable researchers to collect data in the field that can be used to better understand and quantify community resilience. Specifically, a key objective is to provide a mechanism to link damage to the physical infrastructure to social and economic dimensions of a community in a measurable way. Although there have been several past attempts at creating a common post-disaster field study protocol, none of them have attempted to quantify community resilience in a quantitative manner that can be used for risk and resilience analysis. The methodology explained in this thesis is unique because it discusses potential metrics that can be used to quantify community resilience and describes methods of quantifying these metrics using field data. These metrics come from a combination of disciplines including engineering, sociology, and economics. This work combines a literature review of past field study protocols with perceived data requirements in order to outline a field study methodology that can be used for disasters (primarily natural; not anthropogenic) of any type including tornados, hurricanes, flood, tsunamis, wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires, and earthquakes. Algorithms were derived that include the ability to process raw field study data in order to create probabilistic models of resilience metrics (i.e., fragility functions). These algorithms were then demonstrated using existing field data related to population dislocation caused by Hurricane Andrew. Finally, a community resilience field study was conducted five years into the recovery process in order to investigate and model the long term effects of the May 22, 2011 tornado that occurred in Joplin, MO. The planning and execution of this study is described and the data that was gathered is used to provide an illustrative example of the interconnectivity between the physical damage and socio-economic consequences.