Browsing by Author "Dik, Bryan, committee member"
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Item Open Access A concurrent and prospective examination of the incongruous positive relationship between alcohol use and physical activity(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Harkabus, Lindsey C., author; Harman, Jennifer J., advisor; Aloise-Young, Patricia, committee member; Merolla, Andrew, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee memberResearch has demonstrated an incongruous positive relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity concurrently among college students (Lisha & Sussman, 2010; Musselman & Rutledge, 2010). A goal of this research was to determine whether this relationship between alcohol use and physical activity exists, and whether different forms of physical activity share this relationship. Another purpose of this dissertation was to examine the potential moderating effects of several individual difference variables. Results revealed a positive association between alcohol use and moderate physical activity, as well as with two other forms of physical activity (leisure and domestic). In the longitudinal analyses, several factors moderated the relationship between moderate physical activity and alcohol use, with the relationship being stronger for male participants and for individuals who possess high levels of social motives. Opposite of my original hypotheses, several forms of physical activity demonstrated significant negative effects on alcohol use, including overall physical activity, vigorous physical activity, sports, and exercise. Overall, the results suggest the relationship between physical activity and alcohol use in college students is dependent on the type of physical activity being studied (e.g., vigorous versus moderate, sport versus leisure). Age moderated the negative effects of vigorous physical activity on alcohol use, with the effects being stronger for individuals older than 19 years. Implications for the prevention of alcohol use and abuse, improvement of physical activity behaviors, and studies of college physical activity interventions and alcohol use are discussed.Item Open Access Adjustment to the nursing profession: a longitudinal study of changes in perceived fit and indicators of adjustment(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Sampson, Julie M., author; Chen, Peter Y., advisor; Gibbons, Alyssa Mitchell, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Rosecrance, John, committee memberThe current study examined the relationships between perceived Demands-Abilities Fit (DA Fit) and Person-Vocation Fit (PV Fit) and indicators of adjustment (i.e., health, attitudes, and turnover intentions) using a multiple wave longitudinal design. Based on various PE Fit theories and prior research, it was expected that improvement or worsening in perceived fit would lead to subsequent increases or decreases in the various indicators of adjustment, respectively. Additionally, it was expected that perceived fit would lead to subsequent indicators of adjustment compared to the reverse or reciprocal effects. These hypotheses were tested by following nursing students throughout nursing school as well as through the first couple of years after they became registered nurses. Results from latent growth models and autoregressive models demonstrated that the rate of change of perceived fit changed over time, DA and PV Fit were positively related to the various indicators of adjustment across time, and reciprocal relationships existed between perceived fit and health and attitudes. Implications of the results, contributions of the study, recommendations for future research, and limitations are also addressed.Item Open Access Alone again, naturally? Loneliness and performance among STEM graduate students(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2022) Stoa, Rosalyn, author; Fisher, Gwenith, advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Prasad, Joshua, committee member; Stromberger, Mary, committee memberGraduate student mental health is a trending topic of research, and rightfully so considering the growing number of graduate students, high rate of mental health concerns particularly among young adults, and the high rate of attrition from graduate programs. Qualitative research has consistently raised isolation and loneliness as concerns for many doctoral students. Not only is loneliness an issue for mental health and wellbeing, but loneliness may have serious consequences for students' motivation, satisfaction, intentions to stay in school, and the current and future productivity of these scholars. Based on the tenets of self determination theory and the model of workplace loneliness, I hypothesized that perceived loneliness in doctoral students would be negatively related to motivation, satisfaction, productivity and intent to quit. The current study extends previous research by exploring loneliness in doctoral students in a large-scale (N = 1117) quantitative survey to investigate perceptions of loneliness, motivation, engagement, satisfaction, and productivity among doctoral students in STEM fields. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test hypotheses, results demonstrated that loneliness was negatively related to satisfaction with program, motivation, and productivity, and explained 49% of the variance of intent to quit. Relationship with advisor mediated the relationship between loneliness and motivation, but not satisfaction with program or productivity. Results may inform graduate programs with students who may be at higher risk of loneliness and/or attrition and may guide future interventions to prevent or reduce loneliness in graduate students.Item Open Access An affective intervention to improve long-term exercise participation by enhancing anticipated, in-task, and post-task affect(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2019) Heidrick, Charles, author; Graham, Dan, advisor; Henry, Kim, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Li, Kiagang, committee memberThe benefits of regular exercise are immense. Among these benefits are lower morbidity and mortality rates and an improved quality of life. Currently in the United States though, most adults do not meet exercise recommendations; in addition, per capita health care costs have more than doubled since 2000, and nearly 30% of adults are obese. Exercise is a prime mechanism to improve the health of Americans, but current behavior-change models in this area only modestly predict exercise behavior. The lack of exercise enjoyment is a major barrier towards behavior change, and for many, exercise does not feel good. This dissertation describes an intervention that built off both the hedonic theory of motivation and past research in the area of affect and exercise. Both adults in the Northern Colorado area and students at Colorado State University were recruited to participate in an intervention with the goal of increasing exercise behavior by improving exercise-related affect. Seventy-four participants went through a 15-week period where their exercise behavior was tracked: at a baseline laboratory visit, those in the affective intervention condition learned how to make exercise more enjoyable and the importance of doing so, while those in the standard intervention condition set personal exercise goals. Participants in the affective intervention condition increased their exercise levels over baseline levels more so than participants in the standard intervention condition throughout each of the fifteen weeks, although a mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance showed that this effect did not reach traditional measures of statistical significance. Fitness level and exercise performance saw no significant changes from pre- to post-intervention testing in either group. Implications from this experiment extend from adding to past research in this area by adding a longitudinal affective intervention to the literature to creating a new, forward-thinking mechanism towards health behavior change. In addition, these results highlight the difficulty of behavioral interventions in exercise science without strong incentives for participants to increase their exercise behavior. Some of the reasons for that difficulty, such as participants' perceived lack of available time to exercise (the most commonly reported barrier), are discussed in this dissertation's discussion section.Item Open Access Applying the theory of work adjustment to recent and non-recent Latino immigrant workers(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Shtivelband, Annette, author; Aloise-Young, Patricia A., advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Eggerth, Donald E., committee member; Rosecrance, John, committee memberIntroduction: Latino immigrant workers suffer from greater injury and fatality rates compared to American-born workers. The cause of this occupational health disparity is not well-understood. Recently, the theory of work adjustment (TWA) was successfully applied toward understanding the work experiences of Latino immigrant workers. Understanding how Latino workers think about and respond to occupational safety and health (OSH) issues may be critical in developing effective trainings for this vulnerable population. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are significant and meaningful differences in how Latino immigrant workers (recent and non-recent) and American-born workers tend to think about and respond to issues at work using the theory of work adjustment framework. Method: A total of 612 workers (i.e., 189 RLIW, 229 NRLIW, 194 ABW) were recruited from Santa Fe, New Mexico (an old settlement area) and Cincinnati, Ohio (a new settlement area) - 318 participants were male and 294 were female. Recent Latino immigrant workers (RLIW) represented Hispanic individuals who had lived in the United States for 2 years or less; while non-recent Latino immigrant workers represented individuals who had lived in the United States for 5 years or more. Work adjustment (i.e., behavior to change the self or the environment), flexibility (i.e., the range of dissatisfaction that a person will tolerate before adjustment behavior is initiated), and perseverance (i.e., the length of time that a person or environment will persist in their adjustment behavior before an employment interaction is terminated) were measured with English and Spanish scales that were developed for this study. Results: The main finding from this study was that compared to ABW, RLIW and NRLIW were significantly more like to utilize a reactive (F(4, 602) = 42.72, p = .000) work adjustment approach adjusting for gender and years of school completed. NRLIW were found to be significantly more flexible (F(4, 602) = 11.65, p = .000) and likely to persevere (F(4, 602) = 13.17, p = .000) compared to RLIW and ABW after adjusting for gender and years of school completed. Among Latino immigrant workers, fraction of lifetime in the United States was contrary to what was predicted significantly and positively associated with flexibility (r = .14, p = .005) and perseverance (r = .19, p = .000), but not work adjustment (r = .03, p = 480). Lastly, type of settlement area did not moderate the relationship between immigrant status group and work adjustment style. Discussion and Implications: This is the first study to empirically examine whether there are meaningful and significant differences in how RLIW, NRLIW, and ABW tend to think about and respond to OSH issues using the TWA framework. The evidence from this study suggests that compared to ABW, NRLIW may tolerate greater dissatisfaction at work before initiating work adjustment behavior and may be more likely to persevere when dissatisfied at work. Both RLIW and NRLIW were significantly more likely to utilize a reactive work adjustment approach compared to ABW who were more likely to utilize an active work adjustment approach. Such findings offer a new perspective in which to develop effective OSH trainings and interventions and contribute to the growing literature that seeks to address the occupational health disparity of Latino immigrant workers.Item Open Access College student adaptation to childhood adversity: a model of stress and resilience(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2010) Cole, Megan Twomey, author; Rosen, Lee, advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Swaim, Randall, committee member; Biringen, Zeynep, committee memberA model of resilience was tested in a college sample of 672 students. Data were collected on the association of negative life events and college adjustment. The influence of Neuroticism, coping style, and social/emotional resources was also studied. Structural equation modeling procedures were used to analyze these data, and a moderating effect of gender was hypothesized. Results provided support for the hypothesized model and indicated that stress, Neuroticism, Engagement coping, and social/emotional resources have important implications for adjustment. Specifically, it was found that the experience of negative life events was positively associated with elevated levels of Neuroticism for both men and women. Neuroticism, in turn, was associated with Disengagement coping as well as a decrease in social/emotional resource availability. Neuroticism was also negatively associated with college adjustment, though Neuroticism was somewhat more strongly related to college adjustment for females. Coping styles were also related to the availability of social/emotional resources, such that the use of Engagement coping was associated with greater resource availability. Furthermore, results indicated the presence of a positive relationship between Engagement coping and college adjustment, whereas no relationship was observed between college adjustment and Disengagement coping. Surprisingly, results suggested the presence of no relationship between /emotional resources and adjustment to college. Additional analyses examined social the relationship between life events and adjustment, and it was found that those disproportionately experiencing more negative life events reported poorer college adjustment. Possible explanations for the observed findings are considered. Implications for practice are discussed.Item Open Access College students coping with loss(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2018) Adams, John, author; Rosén, Lee A., advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Henry, Kimberly L., committee member; Biringen, Zeynep, committee memberApproximately 22 to 30 percent of all college students have experienced the death of a friend or family member in the last 12 months (Balk 2008, 2010; Hardison, Neimeyer & Lichstein, 2005). Grief caused by a death loss significantly impairs the academic performance, social functioning, and emotional health of college students (Balk & Vesta, 1998; Balk, 2008; Servaty-Seib & Hamilton, 2006). There are many ways to cope with and process grief. Posttraumatic growth can result in feeling a greater appreciation for life, feeling closer to loved ones and overall more self-confident (Davis, 2008). However, research has yielded mixed results regarding the impact of posttraumatic growth on grief symptoms, with some studies finding that posttraumatic growth decreases grief symptoms and others finding that it has no impact on grief symptoms or increases symptoms (Davis, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Larson (1998); Linley, Joseph, & Goodfellow (2008); Calhoun & Tedeschi (2006)). Continuing bonds is an approach to grieving that aims to redefine the relationship with the deceased, maintaining it symbolically, spiritually, and/or in memory (Attig, 1996; Hedtke & Winslade, 2003). Previous studies exploring the impact of continuing bonds on grief symptoms have also had mixed results (Neimeyer, Baldwin & Gillies (2006); Rando (1993)). This study sought to explore how both approaches to grief impact grief symptoms in a college aged population that has experienced a death loss in the past year. Additionally, this study also considered another outcome variable uniquely relevant to college students: college adjustment. This study examined how both of these approaches to grieving impacting college students' social, academic, and emotional adjustment to the college environment. When the control variables age, gender, and type of loss were considered, the contributions of the linear regression model to adjustment variance was nonsignificant. Posttraumatic growth had a nonsignificant effect on grief symptoms. Continuing bonds scores were found to have a significant positive relationship with grief symptoms. These findings suggest that continuing bonds contributes to increased grief symptoms for college students, discouraging the use of continuing bonds based interventions for bereaved students in college counseling centers. Future research could examine why continuing bonds has this impact on college students and what approaches to processing grief could help reduce grief symptoms in college students.Item Open Access Forms of transformation(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2019) Nelson, Christy, author; Osborne, Erika, advisor; Emami, Sanam, committee member; Flippen, Paul, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee memberI find used, soiled, discarded, often familial objects and using art agents like encaustic, stretcher frames, and pigment, I change them into new things. This resonates with Bill Brown's Thing Theory which deals with human-object interaction and the shift in perception of an "object" to a "thing." Some of my newly recreated "things" expose holes or scars that can be closed and opened similarly to a wound that is perpetually re-opening and re-healing. Rachel Sussman, Kiki Smith and Louise Bourgeois are three artists who also deal with differing types of healing in their art. Though there are some similarities in how we approach repair, my work revels in the process of tangibly redeeming salvaged forms and freezing them in a moment of restoration. This experience is empowering to me, as it provides a form of therapy and is often a magical interaction. Beyond the symbiotic interaction of the found-objects compelling me to remake them and the process-based catharsis they in turn offer me, I seek to engage the audience with these pieces. As the viewer sees the transformed artworks, I remind them that renewal is possible and ask them to be active participants in the process.Item Open Access Identifying and evaluating factors that enhance former offenders' hiring-related outcomes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2024) Anderson, Kemol J., author; Cleveland, Jeanette, advisor; Gibbons, Alyssa, advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Henle, Chris, committee member; Kraiger, Kurt, committee memberFormer offenders face several barriers to re-entry into society and the workplace. One such barrier includes employers' negative and unfounded attitudes of former offenders, which may lead to unfair bias in hiring. Crandall and Eshleman's (2003) justification-suppression model (JSM) posits that such prejudicial attitudes can be suppressed. Guided by the JSM theoretical framework, the current two-study project was designed to (1) identify prejudice suppression factors that might increase employers' willingness to hire former offenders – more specifically former minor drug offenders (FMDOs) and (2) test the efficacy of two suppression factors in a hypothetical hiring setting. Study 1 was an interview study of 13 employers, across several industries, on what factors made them more likely to consider hiring FMDOs. Thematic analysis results yielded 30 factors that were classified as situation-related, employer-related, and applicant-related suppression factors. The two most frequently endorsed prejudice suppression factors were: (1) evidence of the applicant's desistance & positive change, and (2) evidence of the applicant's honest disclosure of their background. In Study 2, the efficacy of these two suppression factors (desistance and disclosure) was tested to assess whether FMDOs' hiring-related outcomes were improved by manipulating suppressor evidence (desistance, disclosure, or no suppressor) and the offense type of the applicant (traffic offense, minor drug offense, and serious drug-related offense) in a hypothetical hiring context, for a retail sales associate position. Using a sample of 230 hiring managers in a retail setting, a significant main effect of offense type was found. No significant main effect was found for suppressor evidence on hiring recommendations. Neither offense type nor suppressor evidence was related to participants' concerns about hiring the applicants, or their proposed starting salary for applicants. Implications of these findings, alternative theoretical explanations, limitations, and future directions are discussed.Item Open Access Is the "grass" greener? Occupational wellness in the Colorado cannabis industry(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2016) Walters, Kevin M., author; Fisher, Gwenith, advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Kraiger, Kurt, committee member; Reynolds, Stephen, committee memberThis study is the first occupational safety and health evaluation of the cannabis industry of Colorado from an Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) perspective. Qualitative pilot data and common OHP theories provide a framework for project development, design, and rationale. This study investigated the following among cannabis industry workers: potential stressors, perceptions and awareness of physical safety hazards, strain outcomes, and organizational supports that might buffer relations between stressors and strain outcomes. Study results provide a first glimpse at the demographics of the cannabis industry and suggest that workers generally experience low strain and high levels of organizational supports in the presence of various physical and psychological stressors and hazards. However, results also suggest heterogeneous health and safety training, awareness, and regulation in the cannabis industry. Future research directions and practical implications for cannabis industry workers are provided.Item Open Access Item content versus contextual strengthening following retrieval(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Rowland, Christopher A., author; DeLosh, Edward, advisor; Rhodes, Matthew, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Robinson, Daniel, committee memberDespite a substantial literature describing the memory benefit resulting from testing (i.e., memory retrieval), relatively few investigations have attempted to detail how retrieval acts as a memory modifier. One core issue concerns the extent to which testing and studying effect fundamentally similar or different processes or components of memories. The present paper introduces two computational models, both based in REM theory (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) and designed to provide a plausible basis for describing the testing effect at a more mechanistic level than existing theories. The two models are derived from the same set of core assumptions about the functioning of the memory system, and differ only in their specifications of the components of memories that are modified as a result of retrieval. The “Item Model” (IM) assumes that retrieval serves primarily to strengthen the target item content representation of information that is retrieved. In contrast, the “Context Model” (CM) assumes that retrieval serves to embed additional contextual information into the target memory trace, facilitating the subsequent ability of the memory system to locate such items. This manuscript provides coverage of relevant areas in the literature that have bearing on the IM and CM, details the implementation of the models and their larger framework, and reports on 4 experiments designed to test contrasting predictions of the IM and CM. Experiment 1 observed a testing effect using a mixed list, but not a pure list design, implying that testing may serve to enhance the search process by strengthening context information in memory. Experiments 2-4 were designed to examine the effects of reinstating contextual information during final testing on the testing effect. Experiments 2 and 3 found that reinstating either perceptual contextual elements (Exp. 2), or semantic context cues (Exp. 3) at the time of final test did not significantly impact the magnitude of the testing effect. However, Experiment 4 found that reinstating the initial learning mental/temporal context at the time of final test mitigated the magnitude of the testing effect. Potential nuanced interactions between testing and context in memory are discussed.Item Open Access Museum soundscapes and their impact on visitor outcomes(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Jakubowski, Robert D., author; Bell, Paul A., advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Zimmerman, Don, committee member; Loomis, Ross, committee memberConsistent with Attention Restoration Theory, restorative experiences can help people recover from the effects of life stresses. Research suggests that noise can interfere with the restorative process or with factors necessary for restorative outcomes, and there is reason to believe that pleasant sounds such as classical music or nonthreatening sounds of nature can enhance restorative outcomes. Research demonstrates that a visit to a museum or park can result in a restorative experience. The impact of extraneous sounds in such settings might depend on the type of sound and the purpose of the setting. The settings for the current study were an art exhibit and a natural history exhibit at The Wildlife Experience, a museum in Parker, Colorado that focuses on various aspects of wildlife. The art exhibit (Some Like it Hot, Cold Wet, Dry), displayed paintings, sculpture, and taxidermy about wildlife in four climates, and was frequented by enthusiasts of diverse ages, especially adults. The natural history exhibit (CritterCam), contained many different interactive displays based on photos and information gained from cameras mounted on wild animals, focused on wildlife, and tended to attract families with young children. Each day as researchers observed visitors and conducted an exit interview with them (n = 430 art, 433 natural history), either no added sounds were piped into the exhibit (control condition), or a soundtrack of either human voices, instrumental classical music, or natural sounds (birdsong) was piped into the gallery space at a low (approximately 50dB(A)) or high (approximately 60dB(A)) volume level. In general, in the art exhibit natural sounds and classical music yielded the highest dwell times, engagement, satisfaction, and knowledge gain, and human voices, especially louder voices, yielded the worst outcomes. In the natural history exhibit the ambient noise (e.g., children's voices and other crowd noise) somewhat masked the added soundtracks, and there were fewer effects of the added soundtracks; visitors in the control condition (i.e., no added sound) experienced the best outcomes when compared to the other sound delivery conditions, in terms of longer dwell times and lower ratings of noisiness. In terms of dispositional measures, in the art exhibit, extraversion was positively correlated with self-reported knowledge gain, satisfaction, and restoration; and need for cognition was positively correlated with knowledge gain, satisfaction, and dwell time. In the natural history exhibit, extraversion was positively correlated with engagement and knowledge gain; and noise sensitivity was negatively correlated with satisfaction and knowledge gain. Results are consistent with a congruence interpretation: sounds congruent with visitor expectations of an exhibit are more likely to yield a restorative experience.Item Open Access Nurse attitudes toward caring for older patients with delirium(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Hagerling, Faye L., author; Fruhauf, Christine A., advisor; MacPhee, David, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee memberDelirium, which is prevalent among older hospitalized patients, is a disease that may be prevented or reversed with appropriate care. However, the consequences of not adequately treating delirium in a growing older population can be enormously costly to patients, families, nurses, and the greater healthcare system. Effective delirium care is multifactorial. An important aspect of care is nursing attention to changes in the patient and follow-through with timely treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine nursing staff attitudes in caring for older patients with delirium before and after an educational training on delirium. The study took place at a community hospital and included participants from the medical, orthopedic, and surgical units. Along with demographic questions, the survey questions and several open-ended questions asked participants about their attitudes toward: (a) general care for patients 65 years and older, (b) perceived knowledge, competence, and confidence in caring for older patients with delirium, (c) time and support in caring for older patients with delirium, (d) personal impacts in caring for older patients with delirium, and (e) personal beliefs regarding aging and health. The results of the survey showed significant positive change with two identified components of care: (a) knowledge, competence, and confidence and (b) ability to identify delirium and understand its consequences. Several personal impacts, such as feeling overwhelmed, also positively changed after the intervention. However, participants reported a continuing need for more time and support in caring for older patients. Philosophies of aging were not changed. The survey may be a beginning for further development in assessing nurse attitudes toward care for older patients with delirium and the contribution of personal impacts and beliefs to that care.Item Open Access Peer support trumps drug cocktails: cultural views of treatment options for persons with bipolar and depressive disorders(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Batchelder, Greg, author; Snodgrass, Jeffrey, advisor; Kwiatkowski, Lynn, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee memberIn this thesis I propose that participants of a peer-support group for depression and bipolar disorder cognitively "model" their conditions in culture-particular ways. Specifically, I suggest that these patients embrace a particular clinical storytelling process that helps them to regulate their daily personal habits and bodily states, while seeing as ineffective and even potentially detrimental the drug regimens more commonly favored in U.S. psychiatry. I argue that patients' fixing of control and responsibility for cure are on the clinical encounter and on their own practice is cultural: involving shared in socially transmitted understandings of how mental health and healing work, a particular reaction to a biomedicine more dominant in U.S. society. Further, I show that being "consonant" or in sync with the shared cultural model I call "managing the disorder" correlates with improved symptomology. I suggest that this improvement may be the result of social support and reduced stress due to the feelings of belonging to the group- a process referred to in the literature as "cultural consonance"- as well as the actual strategies which participants employed in addition to, or in some cases, instead of, their medications. Marijuana use and religion/spirituality were also sometimes mentioned as factors which contributed to helping patients manage their disorders. For this project, these themes were explored in the academic literature, through participation in the peer-support group, in semi structured interviews, and quantitatively through survey data. I suggest that studies of this type may contribute to understanding and evaluating treatment models among various cultural groups.Item Open Access Retinal mediators of uniform color appearance(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2019) Douda, Nathaniel D., author; Volbrecht, Vicki, advisor; Nerger, Janice, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Draper, Bruce, committee memberThe landscape of retinal cell distribution changes drastically from the central retina (0˚ retinal eccentricity) out to the peripheral retina, with changes occurring both in the photoreceptor mosaic (i.e., ratios, densitiy, size, and distribution of both rod and cone photoreceptors) and physical structures within the eye (i.e. optic disc/blind-spot and macular pigment). With all of these changes to the retinal mosaic, it is no surprise that observers report differences in hue appearance between the same physical stimuli presented to different locations on the retina; however, when large stimuli simultaneously cover those same regions of the fovea and peripheral retina, observers report similar color appearance. The present study investigated how information from the fovea and peripheral retina are combined to produce a uniform perceptual experience. In the first experiment, observers were presented full-field (1°, 23°, 35°) or annular (17° inner diameter/23° outer diameter, 5° inner diameter/35° outer diameter) monochromatic stimuli, ranging from 420 to 660 nm in 20 nm steps for 500 ms at 1.3 log tds. After 30 minutes of dark adaptation, four observers described their hue perceptions using the "4 + 1" hue-naming procedure, in which observers described the stimulus by assigning percentages to one or two of the four elemental hue terms (blue, green, yellow, and red) with the condition that the percentage(s) totaled 100%. Additionally, observers also described how saturated the stimulus appeared on a scale from 0 to 100%. The hue-naming data were similar between the annular and full-field stimuli, suggesting that the peripheral retina holds more weight in determining the hue of large fields. A second experiment was conducted to investigate whether one specific region of the peripheral retina had more influence over the hue of the annulus and large fields. Stimuli of 3° were centered at 10˚ eccentricity in the temporal, nasal, inferior, and superior retinas, and hue values from those locations (as well as the mean of all four locations) were compared to hue naming data from the 23˚ annulus. Results showed, in general, that observers varied in which retinal region the 3˚ field was most similar to in hue appearance of the 23˚ annulus, but that the mean of all four retinal locations was a good approximation of the 23˚ annulus. A final experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of minimizing rod input (bleach conditions) relative to conditions with maximized rod input (dark-adaptation conditions). While the bleaching field influenced hue perception, the overall trend showed that the hue appearance of the annular stimuli most closely aligned with the hue appearance of the full-field stimuli. The findings of the present study are discussed with respect to factors such as rod photoreceptors, chromatic system suppression of rods, spatial integration, cone photoreceptor wiring and ganglion cell inputs, gain mechanisms, macular pigment, and cortical perceptual filling-in/out.Item Open Access Scotopically equated stimuli versus photopically equated stimuli in unique hue judgments(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2011) Douda, Nathaniel D., author; Volbrecht, Vicki J., advisor; Nerger, Janice L., committee member; Draper, Bruce, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee memberOne of the quandaries when studying color perception in the peripheral retina is whether to equate stimuli photopically to the cones or scotopically to the rods. Both methods are prevalent in the literature and while many of the findings are similar when using either method, there are some notable differences. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the differences in results can be at least partially attributed to the methodology used to equate experimental stimuli. Unique hue loci (blue, green, yellow) were measured in the fovea and at 10° temporal retinal eccentricity under bleach and no-bleach conditions for stimuli equated either photopically (0.3 and 2.3 log phot td) or scotopically (1.0 and 3.0 log scot td). While some differences in unique hue loci exist depending on the method of equating stimuli, the overall pattern of results suggested that different conclusions cannot be drawn depending on the method of equating stimuli. Most likely, the differences reported among unique hue studies are not due to the method of equating stimuli. The findings from this study suggest the method used to equate stimuli can be discounted as a potential confound in interpretation of results from unique hue studies.Item Open Access The development of the Marital Attitudes and Expectations Scale(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2012) Park, Stacey S., author; Rosén, Lee A., advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Henry, Kimberly, committee member; Zimmerman, Toni, committee memberAttitudes towards marital relationships have been examined in three ways in the literature. Studies focus on intent to marry, global positive or negative attitudes towards marriage, and expectations for what married life will be like. There are currently no instruments capable of assessing all three of these areas. The present study outlines the development and validation of the Marital Attitudes and Expectations Scale (MAES). The MAES is an instrument designed to measure intent to marry (Intent to Marry Scale, IMS), general attitudes towards marriage (General Attitudes towards Marriage Scale, GAMS), and expectations for marital relationships (Aspects of Marriage Scale, AMS). The MAES is composed of 36-items, and is on a 7-point Likert scale. The MAES is also designed to be applicable for any individual, regardless of marital status or sexual orientation. Results demonstrated internal reliability and construct validity for the instrument.Item Open Access The disclosure dilemma: when and why job applicants differ in disclosing their disability status(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2018) Menendez, Jaclyn, author; Cleveland, Jeanette, advisor; Murphy, Kevin, committee member; Gibbons, Alyssa, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Conroy, Samantha, committee memberThis study explores the complex issue involving the individual and organizational factors that influence an applicant's disclosure of their disability status on job applications, as well as their perceived likelihood of experiencing discrimination. Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act sets a hiring aspiration for 7% of all government organizations to be comprised of people with disabilities, and now requires applicants to fill out a disclosure form of disability status in order to track progress. One problem with this goal is the low disclosure rates among applicants with disabilities. The present study manipulates two factors that influence disclosure rates and discrimination expectations, and develops a theoretical framework for how these factors may be associated with an applicant's disability identity in the workplace. It is hypothesized that disclosure rates are affected by two organizational variables (organizational diversity climate and supervisor support), and how disability identity in the workplace moderates these relationships. Results show that organizational variables do not have a significant impact on willingness to disclose one's disability status on the voluntary disclosure form, nor do these organizational variables affect anticipated discrimination in the workplace. Disability identity was shown to significantly predict anticipated work discrimination. Future research may use these findings to better tailor strategies for increasing disclosure rates based on an applicant's disability identity in the workplace.Item Open Access The effect of implicit self-theories of intelligence on task persistence and performance in an adult sample: test of a structural model(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2015) Wilson, Christina Louisa, author; Kraiger, Kurt, advisor; Gibbons, Alyssa, committee member; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Korte, Russell, committee memberImplicit self-theories have been studied extensively in children as part of a social cognitive approach to behavior and performance and have been found to increase persistence in the face of challenge or failure, leading to increased performance on difficult tasks. Recently there has been some support for the idea that implicit self-theories are relevant as well for performance of working adults. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of implicit self-theories in working adults by examining structural model with implicit self-theories predicting self-efficacy after task failure, which in turn predicts persistence on a difficult task, which further predicts overall performance on a set of difficult tasks. Structural equation modeling resulted in limited support for the proposed model; implicit self-theories predicted persistence, which in turn predicted performance, but the effect was not mediated through self-efficacy. Some evidence for a moderation effect of early failure was found for the effect of implicit self-theories on persistence. Implications and future directions are discussed.Item Open Access The life and career game Who You Are Matters!® among university students: a bricolage in postmodern career counseling(Colorado State University. Libraries, 2020) Canji, Martha, author; Carlson, Laurie, advisor; Dik, Bryan, committee member; Feller, Rich, committee member; Jennings, Louise, committee memberCareer counseling has been expanding from traditional trait and personality models to constructivist models that emphasize subjective experiences, holistic interventions, psychological resources, narratives, and context. This study examines the narrative life and career game Who You Are Matters!® to learn about player experience, stories, and actions gaining a deeper understanding of the processes of storytelling and storylistening in life and career exploration and goal setting. Participants in the study were female, first-year, second-year, and/or first-generation college students who ranged between 18-23 years of age. Experiences and stories are explored through multiple lenses including well-being, psychological capital, agency, and transformational learning. Gratitude and broaden-and-build are also briefly examined as contributing factors that amplify player benefits. The findings are presented loosely as a bricolage that shapes the construction and interpretation of meanings and patterns that inform career exploration in game play. Findings suggest that the structure and context of game play focuses and funnels intentional goal setting and action through six synergistic themes. The study demonstrates how the game Who You Are Matters!® is efficacious in promoting life and career exploration, engendering psychological capital, and cultivating well-being, answering the National Career Development Association's call for more creative and holistic interventions that equip and inspire action and agency.