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Browsing by Author "Çavdar, Gamze, committee member"

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    Depositional environment and facies architecture of the Lower to Middle Ordovician carbonate ramp succession, Öland, southern Sweden
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2014) Cigri, Ali Riza, author; Egenhoff, Sven, advisor; Ridley, John, committee member; Çavdar, Gamze, committee member
    The Lower to Middle Ordovician carbonates of Öland, southern Sweden, exhibit outcrops of up to 12 m thickness and rest conformably on Cambrian black shales of the Alum Formation. Based on lithological and sedimentological characteristics, nine carbonate facies were identified within the successions that are grouped into four facies associations (FAs). FA 1 is composed of glauconite- bearing mud- to wackestone facies. FA 2 consists of three glauconite- and one glauconite- and Fe-ooid bearing mud- to packestone carbonate facies. Deposits of FA 3 are carbonate mud- to wackestone facies. FA 4 is characterized by one Fe- ooid bearing and four other mud- to packstone carbonate facies. The studied carbonate succession is subdivided into three stratigraphic units referred to as Intervals 1 to 3. Interval 1 consists of the Köpingsklint and Bruddesta Formations located at the base of the succession. Interval 2 is composed of the Horns Udde formation in the middle level of the succession, and Interval 3 is characterized by the Gillberga Formation situated at the top of the succession. FA 1 rocks were deposited in an offshore proximal setting, whereas FA 2 records an offshore distal setting during "starved" times. FA 3 and FA 4 rocks were deposited during the "normal" times reflecting offshore proximal and distal settings, respectively. Heterozoan assemblages, allochthonous Fe- ooids, and abundance of carbonate mud within the facies suggest that the studied carbonate succession experienced temperate to sub-tropical sea-water conditions during deposition despite its paleo-latitudes equivalence to what would be temperate to cool-water environments of modern examples. Three 3rd order sequences having regressive systems tracts (RSTs) and transgressive systems tracts (TSTs) bounded by maximum regressive surfaces (MRSs) were determined within the studied succession based on the transgressive versus regressive sequence stratigraphic model. The MRSs are situated at the top of the RSTs reflecting maximum sea-level drops. Interval 1 is interpreted to represent both TST and RST characterized by glauconite-bearing facies, and have a sequence boundary (MRS) at the base. Interval 2 contains two sequence boundaries (MRSs) and is comprised of two TST and one RST characterized by carbonate facies. Interval 3 has a sequence boundary (MRS) at the top and is composed of one RST discriminated by glauconite-bearing facies. The Lower to Middle Ordovician carbonates and their subsurface equivalence have high potential in terms of conventional and unconventional petroleum exploration based on their lithologic character and positions in the Paleozoic petroleum system in the Baltic Sea of Scandinavia and adjacent areas.
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    From revolutions to realities: an empirical investigation of the Arab Spring's consequences
    (Colorado State University. Libraries, 2023) Muktad, Abdalla, author; Miller, Ray, advisor; Tavani, Daniele, committee member; Zahran, Sammy, committee member; Çavdar, Gamze, committee member
    With the irrevocable change in the Arab world over the last decade, fully understanding the economic and political impact of the Arab Spring is paramount for policymakers. This dissertation consists of three empirical essays on the Arab Spring which attempt to capture causal relationships between Arab Spring and some political and economic factors. Exogenous shocks such as the experiences of revolution are treated as natural experiments which minimize problems of endogeneity and selection. Therefore, these essays are analyzed based on the synthetic control method and synthetic difference-in-differences. The first essay concerns the impact of the Arab Spring on economic growth, corruption and democracy. I focused on Tunisia and Libya as a case study of Arab Spring countries using the synthetic control method (SCM). I found that there was a negative impact of the Arab Spring on economic growth after 2010 for both Tunisia and Libya. On the other hand, the results suggested that although there was a substantial increase in democracy after the Arab Spring for both Tunisia and Libya, democracy sharply decreased in 2015 in Libya due to armed conflict. Surprisingly, the results showed that there was a substantial increase in corruption in both Libya and Tunisia after the Arab Spring. In the second essay, I estimated the Arab Spring's impact on foreign aid by using the synthetic difference-in-difference method. I examine whether the Arab Spring affects the distribution of foreign aid. I argue that the conflict may respond differently to different types of aid because of the objectives and aid-giving motives. The results indicate that, following the Arab Spring, there was a general increase in total foreign aid to affected countries, with exceptions for certain donors and a stronger increase for "non-traditional Western allies," with the United States being the largest contributor. Also, the findings suggest that, following the Arab Spring, various donors increased foreign aid to affected nations, particularly in government and civil society support, as well as humanitarian aid, with the United States focusing on government and civil society aid in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria, European countries emphasizing government and civil society aid in Libya and Tunisia, and Multilateral aid generally increasing, except for government and civil society aid in Yemen. In the third essay, I studied the spillover effect of the Arab Spring by investigating its influence on nearby countries concerning economic growth, bilateral trade, and foreign direct investment. I aimed to address how proximity to Arab Spring countries impacts the economic growth, bilateral trade, and foreign direct investment of neighboring economies. The results found that countries located within 2000 kilometers of Arab Spring nations experienced a significant negative impact on both real GDP and net inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the negative effects on bilateral trade were not statistically significant, suggesting that engaging in trade with Arab Spring countries did not necessarily harm the economic growth of neighboring countries.