This dissertation explores the combinatorial structures that underlie hyperelliptic Hodge integrals. In order to compute hyperelliptic Hodge integrals, we use Atiyah-Bott (torus) localization on a stack of stable maps to [P1/Z2] = P1 × BZ2. The dissertation culminates in two results: a closed-form expression for hyperelliptic Hodge integrals with one λ-class insertion, and a structure theorem (polynomiality) for Hodge integrals with an arbitrary number of λ-class insertions.
